Production of Propanols, Alcohols, and Polyols in Consolidated Bioprocessing Organisms

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides for novel metabolic pathways leading to propanol, alcohol or polyol formation in a consolidated bioprocessing system (CBP), where lignocellulosic biomass is efficiently converted to such products. More specifically, the invention provides for a recombinant microorganism, where the microorganism expresses one or more native and/or heterologous enzymes; where the one or more enzymes function in one or more engineered metabolic pathways to achieve: (1) conversion of a carbohydrate source to 1,2-propanediol, isopropropanol, ethanol and/or glycerol; (2) conversion of a carbohydrate source to n-propanol and isopropanol; (3) conversion of a carbohydrate source to isopropanol and methanol; or (4) conversion of a carbohydrate source to propanediol and acetone; wherein the one or more native and/or heterologous enzymes is activated, up-regulated or down-regulated.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

Consolidated Bio-Processing (CBP) in essence describes a mode of operation where biocatalysts produce enzymes that can breakdown inexpensive cellulose into usable sugars and then simultaneously ferment them into value added products in a single vessel. CBP, which reduces the number of unit processes, significantly lowers operating and capital costs associated with cellulosic biofuel production. Furthermore, CBP processes reduce or eliminate the need for externally-added, expensive cellulases. See Lynd et al. “Microbial cellulose utilization: Fundamentals and biotechnology,” Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 66(3):506-577 (2002); Lynd et al., “Consolidated bioprocessing of cellulosic biomass: An update,” Current Opinion in Biotechnology 16(5):577-583 (2005); “Breaking the Biological Barriers to Cellulosic Ethanol: A Joint Research Agenda,” December 2005, Rockville, Md. Publication Date: June 2006; DOE/SC-0095. CBP is widely considered to be the “Ultimate low-cost configuration for cellulose hydrolysis and fermentation.” DOE/USA Joint Research Agenda. See DOE/SC-0095 Joint Research Agenda. CBP on plant biomass, e.g., lignocellulosic biomass, also reduces the need to rely on petrochemical feedstocks to produce fermentable, value added products, such as propanols, alcohols, and polyols.

Among forms of plant biomass, lignocellulosic biomass (“biomass”) is particularly well-suited for producing fermentable, value added products because of its large-scale availability, low cost, and environmentally benign production. The primary obstacle impeding the processing of biomass feedstocks is the general absence of low-cost technology for overcoming the recalcitrance of these materials to conversion into useful products. Lignocellulosic biomass contains carbohydrate fractions (e.g., cellulose and hemicellulose) that can be converted into propanols, alcohols, and polyols. In order to convert these fractions, the cellulose and hemicellulose must ultimately be converted or hydrolyzed into monosaccharides; it is the hydrolysis that has historically proven to be problematic.

Lignocellulosic feedstocks are recalcitrant to hydrolysis and subsequent release of sugars. Concentrated acid pre-treatment can release sugars with some associated loss of either pentose or hexose sugars. However, the larger issue with concentrated acid use is the additional capital cost associated with those pre-treatments. The capital cost implications involve using expensive materials of construction, handling corrosive chemicals and dealing with environmental implications. In fact, a group of eminent scholars in the area of lignocellulosic pretreatment have commented that although concentrated mineral acids are effective, they are too expensive to be practical when measured against the value of the resulting sugars. Mosier et al., (2005), Bioresource Technology 96, 673-686.

More recently some companies have made technology claims where they have demonstrated concentrated acid recycle at laboratory scale as a means of reducing the cost associated with using concentrated acid pretreatments. A recent article on this recycling technology clarifies that they are only able to recycle 42% of the added acids and reiterates that this technology will only be tested in a pilot facility in the second half of 2010. Technology Review, Wednesday, Jun. 10, 2009 (available at http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/22774/). Additionally, the article includes caution by industry experts against the use of concentrated HCl acids for pretreatment as the plant would require expensive materials of construction. CBP provides a viable alternative to the production of fermentable sugars from biomass.

CBP biomass processing schemes involving enzymatic or microbial hydrolysis commonly involve four biologically mediated transformations: (1) the production of saccharolytic enzymes (cellulases and hemicellulases); (2) the hydrolysis of carbohydrate components present in pretreated biomass to sugars; (3) the fermentation of hexose sugars (e.g., glucose, mannose, and galactose); and (4) the fermentation of pentose sugars (e.g., xylose and arabinose). These four transformations occur in a single step in CBP, which is distinguished from other less highly integrated configurations in that it does not involve a dedicated process step for cellulase and/or hemicellulase production.

Thus, CBP offers the potential for lower cost and higher efficiency than processes featuring dedicated cellulase production. The benefits result in part from avoided capital costs, substrate and other raw materials, and utilities associated with cellulase production. In addition, several factors support the realization of higher rates of hydrolysis, and hence reduced reactor volume and capital investment using CBP, including enzyme-microbe synergy and the use of thermophilic organisms and/or complexed cellulase systems. Moreover, cellulose-adherent cellulolytic microorganisms are likely to compete successfully for products of cellulose hydrolysis with non-adhered microbes, e.g., contaminants, which could increase the stability of industrial processes based on microbial cellulose utilization. Progress in developing CBP-enabling microorganisms is being made through two strategies: engineering naturally occurring cellulolytic microorganisms to improve product-related properties, such as yield and titer; and engineering non-cellulolytic organisms that exhibit high product yields and titers to express a heterologous cellulase and hemicellulase system enabling cellulose and hemicellulose utilization.

Many bacteria have the ability to ferment simple hexose sugars into a mixture of acidic and pH-neutral products via the process of glycolysis. The glycolytic pathway is abundant and comprises a series of enzymatic steps whereby a six carbon glucose molecule is broken down, via multiple intermediates, into two molecules of the three carbon compounds dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. This process results in the net generation of ATP (biological energy supply) and the reduced cofactor NADH. From these three carbon compounds, a number of downstream value-added products can be made using the metabolic machinery of the CBP organisms, including, e.g., propanols, alcohols, and polyols.

Industrial chemicals, such as propanols, alcohols, and polyols, are traditionally derived from petrochemical feedstocks. Production of such chemicals from petrochemical feedstocks, however, has its problems, not least of which is the use of a non-renewable resource that is subject to price fluctuations and heavy regulation. Thus, there is a need in the art for the production of propanols, alcohols, and polyols from resources that allow for large-scale availability, low cost, and environmentally benign production, all of which are advantages of CBP. In particular, there is a need for engineered organisms capable of converting biomass into propanols, alcohols, and polyols as part of a CBP system.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides for novel metabolic pathways leading to propanol, alcohol or polyol formation in a consolidated bioprocessing system (CBP), where lignocellulosic biomass is efficiently converted to such products.

The invention therefore provides for a recombinant microorganism, where the microorganism expresses one or more native and/or heterologous enzymes; where the one or more enzymes function in one or more engineered metabolic pathways to achieve: (1) conversion of a carbohydrate source to 1,2-propanediol, isopropropanol, ethanol and/or glycerol; (2) conversion of a carbohydrate source to n-propanol and isopropanol; (3) conversion of a carbohydrate source to isopropanol and methanol; or (4) conversion of a carbohydrate source to propanediol and acetone.

The engineered metabolic pathways of the invention are outlined in FIGS. 1-5 and 7. The enzymes that function at various steps along the pathways are identified in Tables 2-5. The engineered metabolic pathways of the invention are utilized to achieve high theoretical yields of products, particularly 1,2-propanediol, isopropropanol, n-propanol, and methanol in bacteria and yeast.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a schematic of theoretical metabolic pathways for the production of mixed alcohols in bacterial and yeast CBP platforms. Yeast-specific branch pathways are depicted by EC numbers in dark gray boxes. Bacteria-specific branch pathways are depicted by EC numbers in light gray boxes.

FIG. 2 shows a schematic of theoretical metabolic pathways for the production of n-propanol and isopropanol in bacterial CBP platforms.

FIG. 3 shows a schematic of theoretical metabolic pathways for the production of isopropanol and methanol in bacterial CBP platforms.

FIG. 4 shows a schematic of theoretical metabolic pathways for the anaerobic production of propanediol and acetone in bacterial and yeast CBP platforms. A yeast-specific branch pathway is depicted by EC numbers in dark gray boxes. A bacteria-specific branch pathway is depicted by the EC number in a light gray box.

FIG. 5 shows a schematic of a theoretical metabolic pathway for the aerobic production of propanediol in yeast CBP platforms.

FIG. 6 shows a schematic of propanediol utilization (pdu) gene organization in T. saccharolyticum.

FIG. 7 shows a schematic of theoretical metabolic pathways for the production of n-propanol and isopropanol in bacterial and yeast CBP platforms.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Metabolic Pathway Engineering

Many bacteria have the ability to ferment simple hexose sugars into a mixture of acidic and pH-neutral products via the process of glycolysis. The glycolytic pathway is abundant and comprises a series of enzymatic steps whereby a six carbon glucose molecule is broken down, via multiple intermediates, into two molecules of the three carbon compound pyruvate. This process results in the net generation of ATP (biological energy supply) and the reduced cofactor NADH.

Pyruvate is an important intermediary compound of metabolism. For example, under aerobic conditions pyruvate may be oxidized to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which then enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), which in turn generates synthetic precursors, CO2 and reduced cofactors. The cofactors are then oxidized by donating hydrogen equivalents, via a series of enzymatic steps, to oxygen resulting in the formation of water and ATP. This process of energy formation is known as oxidative phosphorylation.

Under anaerobic conditions (no available oxygen), fermentation occurs in which the degradation products of organic compounds serve as hydrogen donors and acceptors. Excess NADH from glycolysis is oxidized in reactions involving the reduction of organic substrates to products, such as lactate and ethanol. In addition, ATP is regenerated from the production of organic acids, such as acetate, in a process known as substrate level phosphorylation. Therefore, the fermentation products of glycolysis and pyruvate metabolism include a variety of organic acids, alcohols and CO₂.

Most facultative anaerobes metabolize pyruvate aerobically via pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Under anaerobic conditions, the main energy pathway for the metabolism of pyruvate is via pyruvate-formate-lyase (PFL) pathway to give formate and acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is then converted to acetate, via phosphotransacetylase (PTA) and acetate kinase (ACK) with the co-production of ATP, or reduced to ethanol via acetalaldehyde dehydrogenase (AcDH) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). In order to maintain a balance of reducing equivalents, excess NADH produced from glycolysis is re-oxidized to NAD+ by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) during the reduction of pyruvate to lactate. NADH can also be re-oxidized by AcDH and ADH during the reduction of acetyl-CoA to ethanol, but this is a minor reaction in cells with a functional LDH.

Ethanologenic organisms, including yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae), are capable of a second type of anaerobic fermentation, commonly referred to as alcoholic fermentation, in which pyruvate is metabolized to acetaldehyde and CO₂ by pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC). Acetaldehyde is then reduced to ethanol by ADH regenerating NAD+. Alcoholic fermentation results in the metabolism of one molecule of glucose to two molecules of ethanol and two molecules of CO₂.

The present invention is directed to the modification of traditional glycolytic pathways in bacteria and yeast, as described above, to engineer novel metabolic pathways capable of generating or increasing the yield of certain products that could not otherwise be generated by the native organism. Such products include n-propanol or isopropanol along with alcohols, propanediol, ethanol, and glycerol.

In particular embodiments, the present invention is directed to the production of mixed alcohols in CBP yeast and bacterial platforms. In other embodiments, the present invention is directed to the production of n-propanol and isopropanol in a CBP bacterial platform. In additional embodiments, the present invention is directed to production of isopropanol and methanol in a CBP bacterial platform. In certain other embodiments, the present invention is directed to the production of propanediol in a CBP yeast or bacterial platform. In further embodiments, the propanediol could be directly utilized in industrial applications or condensed to propylene or converted via a chemical or microbial based biocatalysis to propanol.

The present invention is directed to the engineering of such alternative metabolic pathways in various microorganisms, including bacteria and yeast. The term “microorganism,” as used herein, refers to an organism of microscopic or submicroscopic size that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope and that typically consists of only a single cell. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoans, and certain algae and fungi.

in certain embodiments, the bacterial microorganism is a species of the genera Thermoanaerobacterium, Thermoanerobacter, Clostridium, Geobacillus, Saccharococcus, Paenibacillus, Bacillus, Caldicellulosiruptor, Anaerocellum, or Anoxybacillus. In certain embodiments, the microorganism is a bacterium selected from the group consisting Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes, Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense, Thermoanaerobacterium polysaccharolyticum, Thermoanaerobacterium zeae, Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum, Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum, Thermoanaerobium brockii, Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum, Thermoanaerobacter thermohydrosulfuricus, Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus, Thermoanaerobacter brocki, Clostridium thermocellum, Clostridium cellulolyticum, Clostridium phytofermentans, Clostridium straminosolvens, Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Saccharococcus caldoxylosilyticus, Saccharoccus thermophilus, Paenibacillus campinasensis, Bacillus flavothermus, Anoxybacillus kamchatkensis, Anoxybacillus gonensis, Caldicellulosiruptor acetigenus, Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus, Caldicellulosiruptor kristianssonii, Caldicellulosiruptor owensensis, Caldicellulosiruptor lactoaceticus, and Anaerocellum thermophilum. In particular embodiments, the microorganism is Clostridium thermocellum or Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum.

In certain other embodiments, the yeast microorganism is selected from the group consisting of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, Pichia pastoris, Yarrowia lipolytica, Hansenula polymorpha, Phaffia rhodozyma, Candida utliis, Arxula adeninivorans, Pichia stipitis, Debaryomyces hansenii, Debaryomyces polymorphus, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida albicans, and Schwanniomyces occidentalis. In particular embodiments, the yeast microorganism is Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

In certain instances, the microorganism of the invention is cellulolytic. The term “cellulolytic” means able to hydrolyze glycosidic linkages in oligohexoses and polyhexoses. Cellulolytic activity can also include the ability to depolymerize or debranch cellulose and hemicellulose.

The term “ethanologenic” is intended to include the ability of a microorganism to produce ethanol from a carbohydrate as a fermentation product. The term is intended to include, but is not limited to, naturally occurring ethanologenic organisms, ethanologenic organisms with naturally occurring or induced mutations, and ethanologenic organisms which have been genetically modified.

The terms “fermenting” and “fermentation” are intended to include the enzymatic process (e.g., cellular or acellular, e.g., a lysate or purified polypeptide mixture) by which ethanol is produced from a carbohydrate, in particular, as a product of fermentation.

By “thermophilic” is meant an organism that thrives at a temperature of about 45° C. or higher.

By “mesophilic” is meant an organism that thrives at a temperature from about 20-about 45° C.

The term “CBP organism” is intended to include microorganisms of the invention, e.g., microorganisms that have properties suitable for CBP.

In certain embodiments of the invention, one or more metabolic engineered pathways are utilized for the combined production of propanediol and isopropanol from glucose. The metabolic pathways and the various distinct enzymes (Table 2) required for the combined production of propanediol and isopropanol are shown in FIG. 1 and described further below in Example 1. These metabolic pathways can be subdivided into the following distinct production routes: i) the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate into propanediol; ii) the conversion of pyruvate into isopropanol; iii) the conversion of pyruvate into ethanol (bacterial platform only); and iv) the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glycerol (yeast platform only).

In certain other embodiments of the invention, one or more metabolic engineered pathways are utilized for the production of n-propanol and isopropanol. The metabolic pathways and the various distinct enzymes (Table 3) required for the production of n-propanol and isopropanol are shown in FIG. 2 and described further below in Example 2. The metabolic pathways can be subdivided into two distinct production routes: i) the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate into n-propanol; and ii) the conversion of pyruvate into isopropanol.

In additional embodiments of the invention, one or more metabolic engineered pathways are utilized for the combined production of isopropanol and methanol from carbohydrates. The metabolic pathways and the various distinct enzymes (Table 4) required for the production of isoproponal and methanol are shown in FIG. 3 and described further below in Example 3. The metabolic pathways can be subdivided into distinct production routes: i) the conversion of pyruvate into isopropanol; and ii) the conversion of formate into CO₂ and methanol.

In other embodiments of the invention, one or more metabolic engineered pathways are utilized for the co-production of propanediol and acetone from hexose and pentose sugars in thermophilic clostridia and yeast, such as S. cerevisiae. The metabolic pathways and the various distinct enzymes (Table 5) required for the production of propanediol and acetone are shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 and described further below in Examples 4 and 5. The metabolic pathways can be subdivided as follows: i) the production of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate from glucose; ii) the subsequent generation of propanediol from dihydroxyacetone phosphate; and iii) the generation of acetone from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

A summary of the pathways of the present invention is provided in Table 1 as follows:

TABLE 1 Summary: Engineering of CBP biocatalysts for production of propanol Required Metabolic Engineering Gene Gene Theoretical yield Gene KO KO expression Gene expression Pathway hexose/pentose EC# function EC# function Critical Step Mixed Alcohol- Hexose: 1.1.1.27 Idh 4.2.3.3 methylglyoxal pathway flux control, Bacterial 0.21 g/g propanediol 1.1.1.- synthase methylglyoxal to 1,2 2 glucose → 1,2- 0.17 g/g propanol 2.3.1.9 aldo-keto propanediol propandiol + 0.13 g/g ethanol 2.8.1.8 reductase isopropanol + ethanol + Pentose: 4.1.1.4 thiolase 4 CO2 + H⁺ + 3 ATP 0.21 g/g propanediol 1.1.1.80 acetyl-CoA 0.17 g/g propanol 1.1.1.202 transferase 0.13 g/g ethanol acetoacetate decarboxylase Isoprop dehyd oxidoreductase Mixed Alcohol-Yeast Hexose: 4.1.1.1 pdc1 4.2.3.3 methylglyoxal pathway flux control 2 glucose → 0.21 g/g propanediol pdc5 1.1.1.6 synthase (without TPI deletion), isopropanol + 0.17 g/g isopropanol pdc6 2.3.1.54 glycerol methylglyoxal to propanediol + 0.26 g/g glycerol 2.7.2.1 dehydrogenase propanol glycerol + 3 CO2 + 1 Pentose: 2.3.1.8 pyruvate formate- ATP (no tpi deletion) 2.8.3.8 lyase 0.21 g/g propanediol 4.1.1.4 acetate kinase 0.17 g/g isopropanol 1.1.1.79 phosphate 0.26 g/g glycerol 1.1.1.80 acetyltransferase 1.2.1.49 acetate CoA- transferase acetoacetate decarboxylase glyoxylate reductase isopropanol dehydrogenase methylglyoxal dehydrogenase n-propanol/isopropanol Hexose: 1.1.1.27 Idh 4.2.3.3 mgs methylglyoxal to in bacteria 0.44 g/g propanols 1.12.7.2 hyd 1.1.1.- aldo-keto reduct n-propanol Pentose: 1.2.1.10 acdh 2.3.1.9 thiolase 0.44 g/g propanols 2.8.1.8 acetyl-CoA trans 4.1.1.4 ado 1.1.1.80 Isoprop dehyd 1.1.1.202 oxidoreductase Isopropanol/Methanol- Hexose: 1.1.1.27 Idh 1.2.1.2 formate dehyd formate to methanol Bacterial 0.33 g/g propanol 1.2.1.10 Acdh 1.2.1.46 formaldehyde 2 glucose → 2 0.18 g/g methanol 4.2.3.3 mcs 1.1.1.- dehyd isopropanol + 2 Pentose: 1.2.7.1 pfor 2.8.3.8 methanol dehyd methanol + 4 CO₂ + 0.33 g/g propanol 4.1.1.4 (oxidoreductase) 4 ATP 0.18 g/g ethanol 2.3.1.9 CoA transferase acetoacetate decarb thiolase 1,2-Propandiol/ Hexose: 1.1.1.1 adh 2.3.1.9 thiolase methylglyoxal to Acetone-Bacterial 0.42 g/g propanediol 1.1.1.27 Idh 2.8.3.8 acetate CoA- propanediol 2 glucose → 2 0.16 g/g acetone 1.12.7.2 hyd 4.1.1.4 transferase propanediol + acetone + Pentose: acetoacetate 3 CO₂ + 1 ATP 0.42 g/g propanediol decarboxylase 0.16 g/g acetone propanediol/Acetone- Hexose: 4.1.1.1 pdc1 4.2.3.3 methylglyoxal pathway flux control Yeast 0.42 g/g propanediol 1.1.1.8 pdc5 2.3.1.54 synthase (without TPI deletion), 2 glucose → 2 0.16 g/g acetone 3.1.3.21 pdc6 2.7.2.1 pyruvate formate- methylglyoxal to propanediol + acetone + Pentose: gpd2 2.3.1.8 lyase propanediol 3 CO₂ + 1 ATP (no tpi deletion) gpp1 2.8.3.8 acetate kinase 0.42 g/g propanediol 4.1.1.4 phosphate 0.16 g/g acetone 1.1.1.79 acetyltransferase 1.2.1.49 acetate CoA- transferase acetoacetate decarboxylase glyoxylate reductase methylglyoxal dehydrogenase propanediol Aerobic- Hexose: 4.1.1.1 pdc1 4.2.3.3 methylglyoxal pathway flux control Yeast 0.42 to 0.61 g/g 1.1.1.8 pdc5 1.1.1.6 synthase from glucose 17 glucose + 6 O₂ → propanediol 3.1.3.21 pdc6 1.1.1.79 glycerol 6-phosphate to PPP 24 propanediol + 6 Pentose: gpd2 1.2.1.49 dehydrogenase and propanediol, H₂O + 30 CO₂ + 7 100% xylose could not gpp1 glyoxylate methylglyoxal to ATP be converted via this reductase propanediol pathway, but glucose/ methylglyoxal xylose mixtures could, dehydrogenase with yield similar to glucose alone

Metabolic Enzymes

As described above, the engineering of metabolic pathways in microorganisms requires certain enzymes to function at particular steps along the pathways, as shown in FIGS. 1-5.

The enzymes of the invention as described herein can be endogenous to the native strain of the microorganism, and can thus be understood to be referred to as “native” or “endogenous.” An organism is in “a native state” if it has not been genetically engineered or otherwise manipulated by the hand of man in a manner that intentionally alters the genetic and/or phenotypic constitution of the organism. For example, wild-type organisms can be considered to be in a native state.

For example, in certain embodiments, when the host cell is a particular Thermoanaerobacter(ium) strain, one or more metabolic enzymes can be an enzyme derived from that same Thermoanaerobacter(ium) strain. Source libraries with fragments of whole genomic DNA from such a Thermoanaerobacter(ium) strain can be host-modified with promoters, terminators, replication origins, or homologous recombination targeting. Screening of these libraries can identify DNA encoding for enzymes of interest that function in one or more metabolic engineered pathways of the invention.

In other embodiments, the enzymes of the invention can be non-native or “heterologous” to the organism, and can be introduced into the organism on a vector by transformation or other methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, as described further below.

The terms “activity,” “activities,” “enzymatic activity,” and “enzymatic activities” are used interchangeably and are intended to include any functional activity normally attributed to a selected polypeptide. Typically, the activity of a selected polypeptide encompasses the total enzymatic activity associated with the produced polypeptide. The polypeptide produced by a host cell and having enzymatic activity can be located in the intracellular space of the cell, cell-associated, secreted into the extracellular milieu, or a combination thereof.

In certain embodiments, enzymes that function in the metabolic pathways of the invention are set forth below in Tables 2-5 and include the following: methylglyoxal synthase, aldo-keto reductase, glyoxylate reductase, methylglyoxal dehydrogenase, aldehyde reductase, pyruvate formate lyase, thiolase, CoA transferase, acetoacetate decarboxylase, isoproponal, aldehyde dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, diol-hydrolase, dehydrogenase, phosphotransacetylase, oxidoreductase, formate dehydrogenase, formaldehyde dehydrogenase and methanol dehydrogenase.

As used herein, the term “methylglyoxal synthase” or “mgs” refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction glycerone phosphate methylglyoxal+phosphate

As used herein, the term “aldo-keto reductase” can refer to any number of related monomeric NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases, such as aldose reductase, prostaglandin F synthase, xylose reductase, and many others.

As used herein, the term “oxidoreductase” refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule (the reductant, also called the hydrogen or electron donor) to another (the oxidant, also called the hydrogen or electron acceptor).

As used herein, the term “glyoxylate reductase” refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction glycolate+NAD⁺⇄glyoxylate+NADH+H⁺. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH—OH group of donor with NAD+ or NADP+ as acceptor.

As used herein, the term “methylglyoxal dehydrogenase” refers to an enzyme that oxidizes methylglyoxal to pyruvate.

As used herein, the term “CoA transferase” is an enzyme, for example, such as acetyl CoA transferase that catalyzes the chemical reaction acyl-CoA+acetate a fatty acid anion+acetyl-CoA. The term “CoA transferase” also refers an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acetoacetyl-CoA+acetate⇄acetoacetate+acetyl-CoA.

As used herein, the term “acetoacetate decarboxylase” or “ADC” refers to an enzyme involved in both the ketone body production pathway in humans and other mammals, and solventogenesis in certain bacteria. Its reaction involves a decarboxylation of acetoacetate, forming acetone and carbon dioxide.

As used herein, the term “aldehyde dehydrogenase” refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation (dehydrogenation) of aldehydes.

As used herein, the term “dehydrogenase” refers to an enzyme that oxidizes a substrate by transferring one or more hydrides (H⁻) to an acceptor, usually NAD⁺/NADP⁺.

As used herein, the term “formate dehydrogenase” is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of formate to bicarbonate or carbon dioxide, donating the electrons to a second substrate, such as NAD⁺ in formate:NAD⁺ oxidoreductase.

As used herein, the term “formaldehyde dehydrogenase” refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction formaldehyde+NAD⁺+H₂O⇄formate+NADH+2H⁺. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ as acceptor.

As used herein, the term “methanol dehydrogenase” is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction methanol+NAD⁺⇄formaldehyde+NADH+H⁺. This enzyme also belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donor with NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ as acceptor.

As used herein, the term “pyruvate formate lyase” or “PFL” is intended to include the enzyme capable of converting pyruvate into Acetyl CoA and formate.

As used herein the term “alcohol dehydrogenase” or “ADH” is intended to include the enzyme capable of converting aldehydes, such as acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde, and ketones, such as acetone, into an alcohol, such as ethanol, n-propanol, or isopropanol.

As used herein, the term “phosphotransacetylase” or “PTA” is intended to include the enzyme capable of converting Acetyl CoA into acetyl phosphate.

As used herein, the term “diol dehydratase” is intended to include the enzyme capable of converting propanediol to propanal.

The term “upregulated” means increased in activity, e.g., increase in enzymatic activity of the enzyme as compared to activity in a native host.

The term “downregulated” means decreased in activity, e.g., decrease in enzymatic activity of the enzyme as compared to activity in a native host.

The term “activated” means expressed or metabolically functional.

The polypeptide sequences corresponding to certain of the enzymes of the present invention are as follows:

C. thermocellum Proteins

EC 2.3.1.54 (Cthe0505; SEQ ID NO: 1) MDAWRGFNKGNWCQEIDVRDFIIRNYTPYEGDESFLVGPTDRTRKLWEKVSELLK KERENGGVLDVDTHTISTITSHKPGYIDKELEVIVGLQTDEPLKRAIMPFGGIRMVIKGAE AYGHSVDPQVVEIFTKYRKTHNQGVYDVYTPEMRKAKKAGIITGLPDAYGRGRIIGDYR RVALYGVDRLIAEKEKEMASLERDYIDYETVRDREEISEQIKSLKQLKEMALSYGFDISC PAKDAREAFQWLYFAYLAAVKEQNGAAMSIGRISTFLDIYIERDLKEGKLTEELAQELV DQLVIKLRIVRFLRTPEYEKLFSGDPTWVTESIGGMALDGRTLVTKSSFRFLHTLFNLGH APEPNLTVLWSVNLPEGFKKYCAKVSIHSSSIQYESDDIMRKHWGDDYGIACCVSAMRI GKQMQFFGARCNLAKALLYAINGGKDEMTGEQIAPMFAPVETEYLDYEDVMKRFDMV LDWVARLYMNTLNIIHYMHDKYAYEALQMALHDKDVFRTMACGIAGLSVVADSLSAI KYAKVKPIRNENNLVVDYEVEGDYPKFGNNDERVDEIAVQVVKMFMNKLRKQRAYRS ATPTLSILTITSNVVYGKKTGNTPDGRKAGEPLAPGANPMHGRDINGALAVLNSIAKLPY EYAQDGISYTFSIIPKALGRDEETRINNLKSMLDGYFKQGGHHINVNVFEKETLLDAMEH PEKYPQLTIRVSGYAVNFIKLTREQQLDVINRTIHGKI EC 2.3.1.8 (Cthe1029; SEQ ID NO: 2) VIIYSYKYYKYSFYDNSEGIMKGEEFMSFLEQIIERAKSDVKTIVLPESTDLRVIKA ASMIMKKGIAKVVLIGNEKEIKSLAGDIDLEGVMIEDSLNSEKLEDYANTLYELRKSKGM TIEAARETIKDPLYYGVMMVKKGEADGMVAGAVNSTANTLRPALQILKTAPGTKLVSSF FVMVVPNCEYGHNGTFVYADCGLVENPDADQLSEIAISASKSFEMLVGAKPQVAMLSY SSYGSAKSELTEKVIKATQLAKEKAPHLAIDGELQVDAAIVPEVAKSKAKGSSVAGKAN VLIFPDLDAGNIAYKLTQRLAKAEAYGPITQGLARPVNDLSRGCSAEDIVGVAAITAVQA QYVKA EC 2.7.2.1 (Cthe1028; SEQ ID NO: 3) MNILVINTGSSSLKYQLIDMTNESVLAKGVCDRIGLEHSFLKHTKTGGETVVIEKD LYNHKLAIQEVISALTDEKIGVIKSMSEISAVGHRIVHGGEKFKESAIIDEDVMKAIRDCV ELAPLHNPSNIIGIEACKQILPDVPMVAVFDTAFHQTMPRHAYIYALPYEIYEKYKLRKY GFHGTSHKYVAHRAAQMLGKPIESLKLITCHLGNGASICAVKGGKSVDTSMGFTPLQGL CMGTRSGNVDPAVITYLMEKEKMNINDINNFLNKKSGVLGISGVSSDFRDVQDAAEKG DDRAQLALDIFCYGVRKYIGKYIAVLNGVDAVVFTAGIGENNAYIRREVLKDMDFFGIKI DLDKNEVKGKEADISAPDAKVKTLVIPTNEELEIARETLRLVKNL EC 1.1.1.80 (Cthe101; SEQ ID NO: 4) MINFVYKNPTKIIFGRGTELKVGEEVRQYSGKVLLHYGGGSIKKTGLYDRVVNSL KQAGVEVVELGGVMPNPRLGLVNEGIKICREKGIDFILAVGGGSAIDSAKAIAVGVPYDG DVWDFFCGKAEPKEALPVGVVLTIPAAGSEASPNSVITREDGLYKRGMYSELIRPVFAIM NPELTYTLPAYQTACGTADIMAHIMERYFTNETHTDLTDRLCEATLKTMIKNVPIALEEP DNYNARAEIMWAGTIAHNGLLGTGRIEDWASHNIEHEISAIYDVAHGAGLAVVFPAWM KYVYKNNLDRFVQFAVRVWNVEMNFDEPERTALEGIERLKKFFKEIGLPVSLKEMNIGD DRLEEMASKCTNGGKATIGNFVKLNREDVY NILKLAV Cthe0394 (SEQ ID NO: 5) MKAFNYYAPTEIIFGCGRVQEIGSITAQYGKKALLVTVPEFPEVKELYEKVKKSLR ENGVEVVHFDGVIPNPTTDVVTEGANMAKAAGVDVVIGLGGGSSIDTAKAIAVEATHPG TAWDYNCHTPGPTSATLPIIAIGTTAGTGSQCTQCAVITKTSEKDKSAIWHKNIFPKVAIV DPEVTVTMPKSVTAQTGFDAFAHNFEAYLSVKTSPLVEMMAIEAIKMIKEYLPKALENP NDIEARSKMSLADTLGGLTNSNAGVTLPHGLGMQVGGHAPHVSHGQALAIIYPQFTRYT YAWAIEKFAKVGRIFNPALNELSDEEAAKEACVAIDDFLKKIGLWIGFKDVNVTKEQIRE IADDGQVLGDYLNNPRVATIDEMYELLMNCYERKE Cthe0423 (SEQ ID NO: 6) MTKIANKYEVIDNVEKLEKALKRLREAQSVYATYTQEQVDKIFFEAAMAANKM RIPLAKMAVEETGMGVVEDKVIKNHYASEYIYNAYKNTKTCGVIEEDPAFGIKKIAEPLG VIAAVIPTTNPTSTAIFKTLIALKTRNAIIISPHPRAKNSTIEAAKIVLEAAVKAGAPEGIIGW IDVPSLELTNLVMREADVILATGGPGLVKAAYSSGKPAIGVGAGNTPAIIDDSADIVLAV NSIIHSKTFDNGMICASEQSVIVLDGVYKEVKKEFEKRGCYFLNEDETEKVRKTIIINGAL NAKIVGQKAHTIANLAGFEVPETTKILIGEVTSVDISEEFAHEKLCPVLAMYRAKDFDDA LDKAERLVADGGFGHTSSLYIDTVTQKEKLQKFSERMKTCRILVNTPSSQGGIGDLYNFK LAPSLTLGCGSWGGNSVSDNVGVKHLLNIKTVAERRENMLWFRTPEKIYIKRGCLPVAL DELKNVMGKKKAFIVTDNFLYNNGYTKPITDKLDEMGIVHKTFFDVSPDPSLASAKAGA AEMLAFQPDTIIAVGGGSAMDAAKIMWVMYEHPEVDFMDMAMRFMDIRKRVYTFPK MGQKAYFIAIPTSAGTGSEVTPFAVITDEKTGIKYPLADYELLPDMAIVDADMMMNAPK GLTAASGIDALTHALEAYVSMLATDYTDSLALRAIKMIFEYLPRAYENGASDPVAREKM ANAATIAGMAFANAFLGVCHSMAHKLGAFYHLPHGVANALMINEVIRFNSSEAPTKMG TFPQYDHPRTLERYAEIADYIGLKGKNNEEKVENLIKAIDELKEKVGIRKTIKDYDIDEKE FLDRLDEMVEQAFDDQCTGTNPRYPLMNEIRQMYLNAYYGGAKK Cthe2445 (SEQ ID NO: 7) MKGKMKVCVLTGKEKLEWVERDIPQPGRGELQIKLKHVGVCGSDLHFYKEGRL ANWELDGPLALGHEPGGIVSAIGEGVEGFEIGDKVALEPGVPCGECEDCRKGHYNLCKH IKFMAIPHEKDGVFAEYCVHSASMCYKLPENVDTMEGGLMEPLSVALHATELSNAKIGE TAIVLGSGCIGLCTVMALKARGVSEIYVTDVVDKRLEKALEVGATRVFNSQREDIVEFA KTLPGGGADQVYECAGSRVTTLQTCKLIKRAGKVTLVGVSPEPVLELDIATLNAMEGTV YSVYRYRNMYPIAIAAVSSGVIPLKKIVSHVFDFKDCIEAIEYSTNHKDEVIKSVIKF Cthe2579 (SEQ ID NO: 8) MNFKFKIGTKVFFGKECVKENKAVFKDFRKRALLVTGKNSAKASGAFSDVVEVL EEYGIDYEIYDRVANNPSLENVKEGGEAARKFDADFIIGIGGGSPLDASKAVAVLATNDI EPVDLYKNVFENKPLPIIAIPTTAGTGSEVTPYSILTRDDMKTKKSFGNEDTFPAVAFIDA RYTESMSYETTVDTALDAFTHALEGYLGRRSTPVSDILAVEAIRIFGECLENLLNNKFDY DVREKLLYMSMLGGMVISHTGTTIIHGMGYSLTYFKDIPHGRANGMLVREYLKYNYEA AKEKTDNVLRLLKVPSIDAFGEIIDRLIPQKPVLTKEEIELYASLAMKQNSTLSNARTVVK EDMEEIFKNTFGKG EC 4.2.2.3 (Cthe0095; SEQ ID NO: 9) MNIALIAHDKKKELMASFCIAYRSILKNHTLFATGTTGAIIVEATGLNVHRFLPGV MGEQQISARAAYNELDLVIFFRDPISAKSDEPDIHSLLRECDINNIPFATNLGTAEMLIKGL ERGDLDWRELIKK EC 1.1.1.— (Cthe0152; SEQ ID NO: 10) LKYCKLGNTGLEVSKLCFGGLIIGPLQANLPPETGAEIILKSFELGVNFIDTAELYG TYSHIGKALKKTNKNIVVATKSYAYSAEGAKESLEKARKEMDIDVIDIFMLHEQESRLTL KGHREALEYYISMKEKGIIKAVGVSTHNVEVVEACCEMPEVDVIHPIVNKAGIGIGDGTI DDMLKAVEKAYSVGKGIYSMKPLGGGNLIKSYKEAMDFVLNIPYIHSIAVGMQSIEEVV MNVCIFEGKEVPQDVQKSLENKKRHLHIDWWCEGCGKCVERCKQKALKLVDGKAKVE EEKCVLCSYCASVCPVFAIKVS Cthe0236 (SEQ ID NO: 11) MQYRGLGKTGVKVSALGFGAMRLPQININGNTRVDEEKSIEMIHRAFELGVNYID TAPGYCNGESEVVVGKALKGWRDKIYLSTKNPIENASGDDWRKRLENSLKKLDTDYID FYHMWGINWETYETKIDVKGGPLEAARKAKEEGLIRHISFSFHDKPENLIKLIDTGNFET VLCQYNLLDRSNEKAIAHAKRKGLGVIIMGPVGGGKLGEPSETIKKLLPKKTVSCAEIAL RFVLANPNVDCALSGMSTIEMVEENVRVASNDTPLTKEELEMIRASMEENKRMEDLYC TGCNYCMPCPVGVNIPLNFQLMNYHRVYKITDYARGQYSQIGKVEWYKGKPAHECIEC GVCETKCPQKLEIRKQLKETARVLSVK Cthe0283 (SEQ ID NO: 12) MKYRKMGRTGLYISEISLGSWLTYGNSTDKETAVKVIDTAYSLGINYFDTANVY ANGRAEVIVGEALKKYPRESYILATKAFWPMGTGPNDKGLSRKHVFEQVHASLKRLNV DYIDIFYCHRYDPETPLEETLRTIDDLLRQGKILYVGVSEWTAAQMAQALHIADRYLLDR IVVNQPQYNMFHRYIEKEIIPFGEKNGISQIVFSPLAQGVLTGKYKPGGNIPRDSRAADPN SNMYIGQFLKEDKLLKVEKLKAVADEMGITLSQLAIAWVLRQPNVTSALIGASKPEQVE ENVKASGINLSDEILNKIEAILQ EC 5.3.1.1. (Cthe0139; SEQ ID NO: 13) MSRKVIAAGNWKMNKTPKEAVEFVQALKGRVADADTEVVVGVPFVCLPGVVE AAKGSNIKVAAQNMHWEEKGAFTGEVSGPMLAELGVDYVIIGHSERRQYFGETDETVN KKVHAAFKYGLKPIICVGESLTQREQGVTAELVRYQVKIALLGLSAEQVKEAVIAYEPIW AIGTGKTATNEQAEEVCGIIRECIKELYGQDVAEAIRIQYGGSVNAANAAELFNMPNIDG GLVGGASLKLDDFEKIAKYNK EC 1.2.7.1 Cthe2390 (SEQ ID NO: 14) MGKVVEIRWHGRGGQGAKTASLLLADAAFNTGKYIQGFPEYGPERMGAPITAY NRISDEKLTIHSNIYEPDYVVVVDDTLLTSVDVTAGLKEDGAIIVNTPKTPDEIRPLLKGY KGKVCTIDARKISIETLGKYFPNTPMLGAVVKVSKIMDEEEFLKDMVESFKHKFANKPE VVEGNIKALERSMQEVKGL Cthe2391 (SEQ ID NO: 15) MSKELRDVKPDVTWKEITSGGVIDSPGNAHLFKTGDWRSMKPVWNEEKCKQCL LCNPVCPDSSIMVSEEGKMTGIDYDHCKGCGICSKVCPFKAIDFVEEV Cthe2392 (SEQ ID NO: 16) MGIRERLSGNEATAIAMRQINPDVVAAFPITPSTEIPQYFSSYVADGLVDTEFVAV ESEHSAMSACIGAQAAGARAMTATSANGLAYMWEALYIAASMRLPIVLAAVNRALSGP INIHNDHSDTMGARDSGWIQLYSENNQEAYDNMLMAHRIGEHPDVMLPVMVCQDGFIT SHAIENIELVEDEKVKAFVGEYKPTHYLLDRENPISVGPLDLQMHYFEHKRQQAQAMEN AKKVILEVAEEFYKLTGRKYGFFEEYKTDDADVAIVVMNSTAGTVKYVIDEYRAKGKK VGLIKPRVFRPFPVDELAQALSKFKAVAVMDKADSFNAAGGPLFTEVTSALFTKGVFGP KVINYKFGLGGRDVKVDDIEVVCEKLLEIASTGKVDSVYNYLGVRE Cthe2393 (SEQ ID NO: 17) MAYNLKEVAKKPERLTGGHRMCAGCGAPIVVRQVLKALKPEDHAVISAATGCL EVSTFIYPYTAWKDSFIHSAFENTGATISGAEAAYKVLKKKGKIEGETKFIAFGGDGGTY DIGLQALSGAMERGHDMVYVCYDNGAYMNTGIQRSSATPKYADTTTSPVGKKIPGKM QPRKDLTEVLVNHRIPYVAQTAPFGNMKDLYEKAEKAIYTPGPAFLNVLAPCPRGWRY NTPDLMELSKLAVETCFWPLYEVIDGKYIINYKPKEKVPVKEFLKLQGRFKHLFKAGNE YMLEEIQKEVDLRWERLLKLAGEA EC 1.1.1.27 (Cthe1053; SEQ ID NO: 18) MNNNKVIKKVTVVGAGFVGSTTAYTLMLSGLISEIVLIDINAKKADGEVMDLNH GMPFVRPVEIYRGDYKDCAGSDIVIITAGANQKEGETRIDLVKRNTEVFKNIINEIVKYNN DCILLVVTNPVDILTYVTYKLSGFPKNKVIGSGTVLDTARFRYLLSEHVKVDARNVHAYI IGEHGDTEVAAWSLANIAGIPMDRYCDECHQCEEQISRNKIYESVKNAAYEIIRNKGATY YAVALAVRRIVEAIVRNENSILTVSSLLEGQYGLSDVCLSVPTIVGVNGIEEILNVPFNDEE IQLLRKSGNTLKEIIKTLDI EC 1.12.7.2 Cthe425 (SEQ ID NO: 19) MKVSICIGSSCHLKGAKQIVEQLQSLVADYNLKEKVELGGAFCMKNCVNGVSVT VDDKLFSVTPENVKSFFETEILKKLED Cthe426 (SEQ ID NO: 20) MTECLQTKKSNCKNCYKCIRHCPVKSLKFTDGQAHIVRDECVLCGECYVVCPQN AKQIRSDVEKAKQLVLKYDVYASIAPSFVAWFHNKSIHDMEQALIKLGFKGADETAKG AYIVKKQYEKMIEEKKSKIIISSCCHTVNTLIQRHYTGAIQYLADVVSPMLAHAQMLKKE HKGAKVVFIGPCISKKDEAEKYKGYVELVLTFDELDEWLKSENITIESNRGSSKEGRTRS FPVSGGIISSMDKDLGYHYMVVDGMENCINALENIERGEIDNCFIEMSACRGSCINGPPA RRKSNNIVGAILAVNKNTGAKDFSVPMPEPEKLKKEFRFEGVHKIMPGGTAIEEILKKMG KTSIEHELNCGSCGYDTCRDKAVAVLNGKADLTMCLPYLKEKAESFSDAIIKNTPNGVIV LNEDLEIQQINNSAKRILNLSPSTDLLGSPVSRILDPIDYILALREGKNCYYKRKYFAEYKK YVDETIIYDKEYHVIIIIMRDVTEEEKIKALKNKQSEAAIEIADKVVEKQMRVVQEIALLL GETAAETKIALTKLKETMEDE Cthe427 (SEQ ID NO: 21) MNDLCVDLGYKSLNKFGEQLCGDMIQVVKDDDTTILVLADGLGSGVKANILSTL TSKIISTMIAAHMGIEECVNTIMSTLPVCKVRGIAYSTFTIIKITNNTYAEIIQYDNPLVILLR NGKKYDYPTQTKIISGKKIVESKIRLNCDDVFVVMSDGAIYAGVGQTLNYGWQRENIIEF IESHYDKSLSANALTSLLIDTCNNLYANMPGDDTTIAAIKIRKRQVVNLMFGPPQNPEDV HNMMSLFFAKQGRHIVCGGTTSTLAAKFLGKELETTIDYIDPRIPPIARIEGVDLVTEGVL TISRVLEYAKDYIGKNILYNEWHSKNDGASIIARMLFEEATDINFYVGKAINPAHQNPNL PIGFNIKMQLVEELSKILKQMGKTINLSYF Cthe428 (SEQ ID NO: 22) MSVTMSEAFDYSMIDNILSEHGTSETAIIAILQSIQEEYHYIPKEVFPYLSKKLKVSE ARIFSVATFYENFSLEPKGKYIIKVCDGTACHVRKSIPIIERLRKELGLSGTKPTTDDLMFT VETVSCLGACGLAPVITVNDKVYAEMTPDKASELIKQLREGDADA Cthe429 (SEQ ID NO: 23) MLKNREELRKAREMYSRYLKAEKRRVLVCAGTGCVSGGSMEIFERLSELVSKRG MDCQVELKEEPHDNTIGMKKSGCHGFCEMGPLVRIEPEGYLYTKVKLEDCEEIVDRTIV AGEHIERLAYKQNGVVYKKQDEIPFYKKQTRLVLEHCGQIDSTSITEYLATGGYYALEK ALFDMTGDEIINEITEANLRGRGGGGFPAGRKWAQVKRQNAKQKYVVCNGDEGDPGAF MDRSIMEGDPHRMIEGMIIAGIACGASEGYIYVRAEYPLAVSRLKRAIEQAKEFGLLGENI LGSNFSFNIHINRGAGAFVCGEGSALTASIEGKRGMPRVKPPRTVEQGLFDMPTVLNNVE TFANVPLIIKNGADWYKSIGTEKSPGTKAFALTGNIENTGLIEIPMGTTLREVIFDIGGGMR NGADFKAVQIGGPSGGCLSEKDLDLPLDFDSLKKAGAMIGSGGLVVMDSNTCMVEVAR FFMNFTQNESCGKCVPCREGTKRMLEILERIVEGNGQDGDIELLLELADTISATALCGLG KAAAFPVVSTIKNFREEYEAHIYDKRCPTGNCQKLKTITIDASLCKGCSKCARSCPVGAIT GKVKEPFVIDQSKCIKCGACIETCAFHAILEG Cthe430 (SEQ ID NO: 24) MDNREYMLIDGIPVEINGEKNLLELIRKAGIKLPTFCYHSELSVYGACRMCMVEN EWGGLDAACSTPPRAGMSIKTNTERLQKYRKMILELLLANHCRDCTTCNNNGKCKLQD LAMRYNISHIRFPNTASNPDVDDSSLCITRDRSKCILCGDCVRVCNEVQNVGAIDFAYRG SKMTISTVFDKPIFESNCVGCGQCALACPTGAIVVKDDTQKVWKEIYDKNTRVSVQIAPA VRVALGKELGLNDGENAIGKIVAALRRMGFDDIFDTSTGADLTVLEESAELLRRIREGKN DMPLFTSCCPAWVNYCEKFYPELLPHVSTCRSPMQMFASIIKEEYSTSSKRLVHVAVMP CTAKKFEAARKEFKVNGVPNVDYVLTTQELVRMIKESGIVFSELEPEAIDMPFGTYTGA GVIFGVSGGVTEAVLRRVVSDKSPTSFRSLAYTGVRGMNGVKEASVMYGDRKLKVAV VSGLKNAGDLIERIKAGEHYDLVEVMACPGGCINGGGQPFVQSEEREKRGKGLYSADKL CNIKSSEENPLMMTLYKGILKGRVHELLHVDYASKKEAK Cthe431 SEQ ID NO: 25: MLEIKICVGSSCHLKGSYNVINEFQHLIEEKALHDKIDIKATFCMKQCQKNGVAV EVNNEIFGVLPEAAEEFFKNVILPKV EC 1.12.7.2 Hyd Cthe3019-24 Cthe3019 (SEQ ID NO: 26) MSFFTMTKTLIKSIFHGPYTVRYPLEKKEPFPASRGRIEINIQDCIFCGLCARRCPTG AINVEKPESRWSINRLRCIQCGYCSEVCPKKCLKMNNMYPAPSFENIEDVYQNARVPDN KENNRNIAGAC Cthe3020 (SEQ ID NO: 27) MGKKTVIPFGPQHPVLPEPIHLDLVLEDETVVEAIPSIGYIHRGLEKLVEKKDYQQ FVYVAERICGICSFMHGMGYCMSIENIMGVQIPERAEFLRTIWAELSRIHSHMLWLGLLA DALGFESLFMHSWRLREQILDIFEETTGGRVIFSVCDIGGVRRDIDSEMLKKINSILDGFEK EFSEITKVFLNDSSVKLRTQGLGVLSREEAFELGAVGPMARASGIDIDMRKSGYAAYGK LKIEPVVETAGDCYARTSVRIREVFQSIDLIRQCISLIPDGEIKVKIVGNPSGEYFTRLEQPR GEVLYYVKANGTKFLERFRVRTPTFANIPALLHTLKGCQLADVPVLILTIDPCISCTER Cthe3021 (SEQ ID NO: 28) MAQQTINTISPNELLAYALRLKNANYRLVAISCTNAENGVEMSYSFDSGSDFTNL RITVAPGDEIESISSIYSYSFLYENEIKELFGVNITGISPDYKDKLYRISVKTPFNMKEGDKNG Cthe3022 (SEQ ID NO: 29) MNFSKKSTWILHYDGSSCNGCDIEVLACLTPLYDIERFGVINTGNPKHADILLITGS INEQNKSVVKQLYEQMADPKVVVAVGICAATGGIFSECYNVSGGVDKIIPVDVYVPGCA ARPEAIIDGVVKALGILEERQKYARKKDK Cthe3023 (SEQ ID NO: 30) MSQIIRLVLYIIAIIIVAPLLGGLLTGIDRVITARMQGRKGPSVLQPFYDVLKLFQKE SIEVNTMHRFFVYISLIFVIFTTVIMLLGGDILLALFALTLGSIFFVLGGYASNSPYSTIGSER ELLQMMAFEPMLLLAAIGLYYGDKSFFIKDIVTARIPSIVYLPGVFLGLLYVLTFKLRKSP FDLSMSHHGHQEIVQGITTEYSGKDLAIIQITHWYETIIALALVYLFFAFRSPFSHVIAILAC IIAFLLEIVVDNAFARAKWEFALKSTWIVTGVLASVNLIILSFFR Cthe3024 (SEQ ID NO: 31) MNAILILILFPLLASVTVLSVRKDAIRNIIVRIFAFITGILTLFVVCRYFKDGISLSIEN RNIIDMTISLAEVLIAAYIIFTGIKNKKFIVSIFAAVQTALILWFEFTQKHGINVHSDIVFDRL SAVMVLIVGCIGSLILIYTVGYMKWYHIHHEGYKERKSFFFSVIFLFLFAMFGLIFSNNLI WMYFCWELTTLCSYLLIGYTRTPEAVNNSFHALAINLGGGLAFASAMVYIGTNFKTLEL SALTAMKLELAVLIPVFLLCIAALTKSAQMPFSSWLLGAMVAPTPSSALLHSATMVKAG VYLLIRLAPLLAGTTIGKVIALLGAVTFLASSIIAISKSDAKKILAYSTISNLGLIVTCAAIGT QESLWAAILLLIFHSISKSLLFLTGGSVEHQIGSRNVEDMDILLQVSRRLSVYMIVGIAGM FLAPFGMLISKWVAMKAFIDSKNILTVIILGYGSATTLFYWTKWMGKLVANANRKDHIK HTFHIDEEIPIFIHAVLVVLSCFTFPLVSRYVLVPYLSGLFGPDVPIPIGTSDVNIMLIMLSM LLILPISFIPIYKSDRRRIVPIYMAGENTGDNESFYGAFDEKRKVELHNWYMKNFFSVKKL TFWSNLLCAVVILVGVVLLIGGITK Cthe342 (SEQ ID NO: 32) MQMVNVTIDNCKIQVPANYTVLEAAKQANIDIPTLCFLKDINEVGACRMCVVEV KGARSLQAACVYPVSEGLEVYTQTPAVREARKVTLELILSNHEKKCLTCVRSENCELQR LAKDLNVKDIRFEGEMSNLPIDDLSPSVVRDPNKCVLCRRCVSMCKNVQTVGAIDVTER GFRTTVSTAFNKPLSEVPCVNCGQCINVCPVGALREKDDIDKVWEALANPELHVVVQTA PAVRVALGEEFGMPIGSRVTGKMVAALSRLGFKKVFDTDTAADLTIMEEGTELINRIKN GGKLPLITSCSPGWIKFCEHNYPEFLDNLSSCKSPHEMFGAVLKSYYAQKNGIDPSKVFV VSIMPCTAKKFEAQRPELSSTGYPDVDVVLTTRELARMIKETGIDFNSLPDKQFDDPMGE ASGAGVIFGATGGVMEAAIRTVGELLSGKPADKIEYTEVRGLDGIKEASIELDGFTLKAA VAHGLGNARKLLDKIKAGEADYHFIEIMACPGGCINGGGQPIQPSSVRNWKDIRCERAK AIYEEDESLPIRKSHENPKIKMLYEEFFGEPGSHKAHELLHTHYEKRENYPVK Cthe430 (SEQ ID NO: 33) MDNREYMLIDGIPVEINGEKNLLELIRKAGIKLPTFCYHSELSVYGACRMCMVEN EWGGLDAACSTPPRAGMSIKTNTERLQKYRKMILELLLANHCRDCTTCNNNGKCKLQD LAMRYNISHIRFPNTASNPDVDDSSLCITRDRSKCILCGDCVRVCNEVQNVGAIDFAYRG SKMTISTVFDKPIFESNCVGCGQCALACPTGAIVVKDDTQKVWKEIYDKNTRVSVQIAPA VRVALGKELGLNDGENAIGKIVAALRRMGFDDIFDTSTGADLTVLEESAELLRRIREGKN DMPLFTSCCPAWVNYCEKFYPELLPHVSTCRSPMQMFASIIKEEYSTSSKRLVHVAVMP CTAKKFEAARKEFKVNGVPNVDYVLTTQELVRMIKESGIVFSELEPEAIDMPFGTYTGA GVIFGVSGGVTEAVLRRVVSDKSPTSFRSLAYTGVRGMNGVKEASVMYGDRKLKVAV VSGLKNAGDLIERIKAGEHYDLVEVMACPGGCINGGGQPFVQSEEREKRGKGLYSADKL CNIKSSEENPLMMTLYKGILKGRVHELLHVDYASKKEAK Cthe3003 (SEQ ID NO: 34) MDSFLMKGYIKEANIDYSCSRGSMEDLPKWEFREIPKVPRAVMPSLSLEERKNNF NEVELGLSEEVARKEARRCLKCGCSARFTCDLRKEASNHGIVYEEPIHDRPYIPKVDDHP FIVRDHNKCISCGRCIAACAEIEGPGVLTFYMKNGRQLVGTKSGLPLRDTDCVSCGQCVT ACPCAALDYRRERGKVVRAINDPKKTVVGFVAPAVRSLISNTFGVSYEEASPFMAGLLK KLGFDKVFDFTFAADLTIVEETTEFLSRIQNKGVMPQFTSCCPGWINFVEKRYPEIIPHLST CKSPQMMMGATVKNHYAKLMGINKEDLFVVSIVPCLAKKYEAARPEFIHDGIRDVDAV LTTTEMLEMMELADIKPSEVVPQEFDEPYKQVSGAGILFGASGGVAEAALRMAVEKLTG KVLTDHLEFEEIRGFEGVKESTIDVNGTKVRVAVVSGLKNAEPIIEKILNGVDVGYDLIEV MACPGGCICGAGHPVPEKIDSLEKRQQVLVNIDKVSKYRKSQENPDILRLYNEFYGEPNS PLAHELLHTHYTPKHGDSTCSPERKKGTAAFDVQEFTICMCESCMEKGAENLYNDLSSK IRLFKMDPFVQIKRIRLKETHPGKGVYIALNGKQIEEPMLSGNIPDESESE Cthe3004 (SEQ ID NO: 35) MKTLENHNRIKVTVNGREIEVYDNLTILQALLQEDIHIPHLCYDIRLERSNGNCGL CVVTLISPDGERDVKACQTPIKEGMVICTNTPKLENYRKIRLEQLLSDHNADCVAPCVMT CPANIDIQSYLRHVGNGDFEAAIRVIKERNPFPIVCGRVCPHTCESQCRRNLVDAPVAINY VKRFAADWDMARPEPWTPEKKPPTGKKIAIVGAGPSGLSAAYYSAIKGHDVTVFERQPH PGGMMRYGIPEYRLPKAILDKEIEMIKKLGVKIMTEKALGIHIRLEDLSKDFDAVYLAIGS WQATPMHIEGEKLDGVWAGINYLEQVAKNVDIPLGDNVVVIGGGNTAIDCARTALRKG AKSVKLVYRCTREEMPAAPYEVEEAIHEGVEMIFLMAPTKIIVKDGKKKLVCIRMQLGE PDRSGRRRPVPIEGSEVEIDADTIIGAIGQSTNTQFLYNDLPVKLNKWGDIEVNGKTLQTS EYNIFAGGDCVTGPATVI Cthe0349 (SEQ ID NO: 36) MPLVTSTEMFKKAYEGKYAIGAFNVNNMEIIQGITEAAKEVNAPLILQVSAGARK YANHTYLVKLVEAAVEETGLPICLHLDHGDSFELCKSCIDGGFTSVMIDGSHLPFEENIKL TKQVVDYAHSKGVVVEGELGRLAGIEDDVNVSEADAAFTDPDQAEEFVKRTGVDSLAI AIGTSHGAYKFKGEAKLRFDILEEIEKRLPGFPIVLHGASSVIPEYVDMINKYGGDMPGA KGVPEDMLRKAASMAVCKINIDSDLRLAMTATIRKYFAENPSHFDPRQYLGPARNAIKE LVKHKIVNVLGCDGKA Cthe1019 (SEQ ID NO: 37) MDIQLKKSGIGVKEKKSKNHLLYSIKQNLFAYAMLIPTFVCMMCIHFIPMLQGIYL SLLDLNQLTMTKFLNAPFIGLKNYYEILFDEKSLIRRGFWFALRNTAIYTVVVTFATFALG IILAMLVNREFKGRGIVRTALLMPWVVPSYVVGMTWGFLWRQDSGLINIILCDILHILPE KPYWLVGSNQIWAIIIPTIWRGLPLSMILMLAGLQSISPDYYEAADIDGANGWQKFWHIT LPLLKPILAINVMFSLISNIYSFNIVSMMFGNGAGIPGEWGDLLMTYIQRNTFQMWRFGP GAAALMIVMFFVLGIVALWYTLFKDDLVVK Cthe0390 (SEQ ID NO: 38) VDKFTKLDLNSITSNNRMNIFNCILEAKEINRAVIAKKVGLSIPAVMSITDDLIQKG IIYVIGKGKSSGGKRPELLAVVPDRFFFVGVDVGRTSVRVVVMNNCRDVVYKVSKPTES VEPDELINQITEMTMESINESKFPLDRVVGIGVAMPGLIERGTGRVIFSPNFGWNNIALQD ELKKHLPFNVLVENANRALVIGEIKNTQPNPTSCIVGVNLGYGIGSAIVLPNGLYYGVSG TSGEIGHIIVENHGSYCSCGNYGCIESIASGEAIAREARIAIANKIQSSVFEKCEGDLKKIDA KMVFDAAKEGDHLAQSIVEKAADYIGKGLAITINMLDPEQIILCGGLTLSGDFFIDMIKK AVSKYQMRYAGGNVKIVVGKSGLYATAIGGAWIVANNIDFLSSN Cthe2938 (SEQ ID NO: 39) MYYIGIDLGGTNIAVGLVNEEGKILHKDSVPTLRERPYQEIIKDMAMLTLKVIKD ADVSIDQVKSIGVGSPGTPNCKDGILIYNNNLNFRNVPIRSEIQKYIDLPVYLDNDANCAA LAESVAGAAKGANTSVTITLGTGIGGGVVIDGKIYSGFNYAGGELGHTVLMMDGEPCTC GRKGCWEAYASATALIRQARKAAEANPDSLINKLVGGDLSKIDAKIPFDAAKQGDKTGE MVVQQYIRYIAEGLINMINIFMPEVLVIGGGVCKEGEYLLKPLRELIKQGVYSKEDIPQTE LRTAQMGNDAGIIGAAMLGKEC Cthe0217 (SEQ ID NO: 40) MERIKFDYSKALPFVSEREVAYFENFVRSAHDMLHNKTGAGNDFVGWVDLPVN YDREEFARIKAAAEKIKSDSDALVVIGIGGSYLGARAAIEMLSHSFHNLMPKSKRNAPEI YFVGNNISSTYIADLLEVIEGKEISVNVISKSGTTTEPAIAFRIFKEYMENKYGKDGASKRI YATTDKEKGALRKLATEEGYETFVVPDDIGGRFSVLTAVGLLPIAVAGIDIDSMMKGAA DARELYSNPNLMENDCYKYAAVRNALYRKNKTIEIMVNYEPSLHYFTEWWKQLYGESE GKDQKGIFPAGVDFTTDLHSMGQYIQDGLRNIFETVIRVEKPRKNIVIKEEKDNLDGLNFI AGKDVDYVNKKAMEGTVLAHTDGGVPNLVVTVPELSAYYFGNMVYFFEKACGISGYL LGVNPFDQPGVEAYKKNMFALLGKPG YEEQRKKLEERL Cthe1261 (SEQ ID NO: 41) MSSVRTIGVLTSGGDAPGMNAAIRSVVRTGLYYGFKVLGIRKGFNGLINGDIEEL TARSVGDIIHRGGTILQTARSPQFKTEEGLKKAMSMAKVFGIDALVVIGGDGSYRGARDI SKLGLNVIGIPGTIDNDIGCTDYTIGFDTAMNTVQDAIDKIRDTAYSHERCSVLEVMGRH AGYIAVNVSISGGAEAVVLPEKPFDMDTDVIKPIIEGRNRGKKHYLVIVAEGGEGKAIEIA KEITEKTGIEARATILGHIQRGGSPTVYDRVMASQMGAKAVEVLMENKRNRVIVFKDNQ IGDMDLEEALQVKKTISEDLIQLSKILAL T. saccharolyticum Proteins

Reaction 6b, EC or0411 (SEQ ID NO: 42) MSYIPNENRYEKMIYRRCGRSGIMLPAISLGLWHNFGGYDVFENMREMV KKAFDLGITHFDLANNYGPPPGSAEENFGKILRTDLRGYRDELLISTKA GYTMWPGPYGDWGSRKYLLSSLDQSLKRMGIDYVDIFYSHRRDPNTPLE ETMSALAQAVRQGKALYVGISNYNAEDTKKAAEILRQLGTPLLINQPSY SMFNRWIEDGLTDVLEEEGVGSIAFSPLAQGLLTDKYLNGVPDDSRAVR KNTSLRGNLTEENINKVRELKKIADKRGQSIAQMALAWDLRKVTSVIIG ASRVSQIEENVKALDNLEFSHEELKQIDEILSK EC4.2.3.4 or2316 (SEQ ID NO: 43) LNIALIAHDMKKSIMVDFAIAYKEILKKCNIYATGATGQLVEEATGIKV NKFLPGPMGGDQQIGAMIAENNMDLVIFLRDPLTAQPHEPDILALLRVC DVHSIPLATNLATAEVLIKGLDAGFLEWRDAVK EC5.3.1.1 or2687 (SEQ ID NO: 44) LRRPIIAGNWKMYMTPSEAVNLVNELKPLVSGAEAEVVVIPPFVDLVDV KKAIDASNIKLGAQNMHWEEKGAFTGEVSPIMLKEIGVEYVVIGHSERR QYFAETDETVNKKVKSALSHGLKPIVCVGESLSQREAGEAFNVVREQTK KALDGIKSEDVLNVVIAYEPIWAIGTGKTATSKDANDVIKVIRETIADI YSIDIANEVRIQYGGSVKPDNAKELMSESDIDGALVGGASLKAQDFAKI VNY Reaction 7 (gldA) or104 (SEQ ID NO: 45) MYMKTNFTYFMPTEIFGPGTLGKLATVKLPGKKALLVIGSGNSMRRHGY LDRVVNYLKQNGVDYVVYDKILPNPIAEHVAEGAKVAKDNGCDFVIGLG GGSTIDSSKAIAVMAKNPGDYWDYVSGGSGKGMEVKNGALPIVAIPTTA GTGTESDPWAVVTKTETNEKIGFGCKYTYPTLSIVDPELMVSIPPKFTA YQGMDAFFHSVEGYLATVNQPGSDVLALQSISLITENLPKAVADGNNME ARTALAWASTAAGIVESLSSCISHHSLEHALSAYHPEIPHGAGLIMLSV SYFSFMASKAPERFVDIAKAMGEEIVGNTVEEQAMCFINGLKKLIRNIG MEDLSLSSFGVTEDEATKLAKNAMDTMGGLFNVDPYKLSLDEVVSIYKN CF EC2.3.1.54 (SEQ ID NO: 46) VDDKKVFDHLFILTDDTGMMQHSVGSVPDPKYGYTTDDNGRALIACAMM YEKYKDDAYINLIKKYLSFLMYAQEDDGRFRNFMSFDRKFIDEDFSEDC FGRCMWALGYLINSNIDERVKLPAYKMIEKSLLLVDTLNYIRGKAYTLI GLYYIYNSFKNLDKDFVRKKMDKLAHDIVEEYEKNSSEDWQWFEDVVSY DNGVIPLSLLKYFSIAKDEEVLDIALKTIDFLDSVCFKNGYFKAVGCKG WYRKGKDIAEYDEQPVEAYTMALMYIEAYKLTGDEKYKKRAIDCDKWFY GKNSKGLSLYDEDSGGCSDGITEDGVNSNEGAESLISIMISHCAIDQLK EC2.3.1.8 (SEQ ID NO: 47) MKTSELLAMVVEKGASDLHITVGVPPVLRINGQLIKLNLPQLTPQDTEE ITKDLLSSDELKKLEDMGDIDLSYSVKGLGRFRINAYKQRGTYSLAIRS VALRIPTIDELGLPEVIKELALKTRGLIIVTGPTGSGKSTTLASMIDLI NEERNCHILTLEDPIEYLHKHKKSIVNQREIGHDAASYASALRAALRED PDVILVGEMRDLETIQIAITAAETGHLVLSTLHTIGSAKTIDRIIDVFP PHQQQQIKVQLSNVLEGIVSQQLLPKIDNSGRVVAVEVMIATPAIRNLI REGKSFQIQSMVQTGNKFGMVTMDMWISQLLKRNLISMDDALTYCVDRE NFSRLVV EC 2.7.2.1 (SEQ ID NO: 48) MIKKKLGDLLVEVGLLDESQLNNAIKIQKKTGEKLGKILVKEGYLTEEQ IIEALEFQLGIPHIDMKKVFIDANVAKLIPESMAKRHVAIPIKKENNSI FVAMADPLNIFAIDDIKLVTKLDVKPLIASEDGILKAIDRVFGKEEAER AVQDFKKELSHDSAEDDGNLLRDISEDEINNAPAVRLVNSIIEQAVKNR ASDVHIEPTENDLRIRFRIDGELHEAMRVFKSTQGPVITRIKIMANMNI AERRIPQDGKIEMNAGGKNIDIRVSSLPTIYGEKLVLRILDKSGYIITK DKLGLGNDDLKLFDNLLKHPNGIILLTGPTGSGKTTTLYAMLNELNKPD KNIITVEDPVEYTLEGLNQVQVNEKAGLTFASALRSILRQDPDIIMIGE IRDRETAEIAIRSSITGHLVLSTLHTNDSAGAITRLIDMGIEPYLVSSS VVGVIAQRLARKICDNCKIEYDASKREKIILGIDADESLKLYRSKGCAV CNKTGYRGRVPIYEIMMMTPKIKELTNEKAPADVILNEAVSNGMSTLKE SAKKLVLSGVTTVDEMLRLTYDDAY EC 1.2.7.1 or0047 (SEQ ID NO: 49) MSKVMKTMDGNTAAAHVAYAFTEVAAIYPITPSSPMAEHVDEWSAHGRK NLFGQEVKVIEMQSEAGAAGAVHGSLAAGALTTTFTASQGLLLMIPNMY KIAGELLPGVFHVSARALASHALSIFGDHQDVMACRQTGFALLASGSVQ EVMDLGSVAHLAAIKGRVPFLHFFDGFRTSHEYQKIEVMDYEDLRKLLD MDAVREFKKRALNPEHPVTRGTAQNPDIYFQEREASNRYYNAVPEIVEE YMKEISKITGREYKLFNYYGAPDAERIVIAMGSVTETIEETIDYLLKKG EKVGVVKVHLYRPFSFKHFMDAIPKTVKKIAVLDRTKEAGAFGEPLYED VRAAFYDSEMKPIIVGGRYGLGSKDTTPAQIVAVFDNLKSDTPKNNFTI GIVDDVTYTSLPVGEEIETTAEGTISCKFWGFGSDGTVGANKSAIQIIG DNTDMYAQAYFSYDSKKSGGVTISHLRFGKKPIRSTYLINNADFVACHK QAYVYNYDVLAGLKKGGTFLLNCTWKPEELDEKLPASMKRYIAKNNINF YIINAVDIAKELGLGARINMIMQSAFFKLANIIPIDEAVKHLKDAIVKS YGHKGEKIVNMNYAAVDRGIDALVKVDVPASWANAEDEAKVERNVPDFI KNIADVMNRQEGDKLPVSAFVGMEDGTFPMGTAAYEKRGIAVDVPEWQI DNCIQCNQCAYVCPHAAIRPFLLNEEEVKNAPEGFTSKKAIGKGLEGLN FRIQVSVLDCTGCGVCANTCPSKEKSLIMKPLETQLDQAKNWEYAMSLS YKENPLGTDTVKGSQFEKPLLEFSGACAGCGETPYARLVTQLFGDRMLI ANATGCSSIWGGSAPSTPYTVNKDGHGPAWANSLFEDNAEFGFGMALAV KQQREKLADIVKEALELDLTQDLKNALKLWLDNFNSSEITKKTANIIVS LIQDYKTDDSKVKELLNEILDRKEYLVKKSQWIFGGDGWAYDIGFGGLD HVLASGEDVNVLVFDTEVYSNTGGQSSKATPVGAIAQFAAAGKGIGKKD LGRIAMSYGYVYVAQIAMGANQAQTIKALKEAESYPGPSLIIAYAPCIN HGIKLGMGCSQIEEKKAVEAGYWHLYRYNPMLKAEGKNPFILDSKAPTA SYKEFIMGEVRYSSLAKTFPERAEALFEKAEELAKEKYETYKKLAEQN EC 1.1.1.2 Or180 (SEQ ID NO: 50) MSKVAIIGSGFVGATSAFTLALSGTVTDIVLVDLNKDKAIGDALDISHG IPLIQPVNVYAGDYKDVKGADVIVVTAGAAQKPGETRLDLVKKNTAIFK SMIPELLKYNDKAIYLIVTNPVDILTYVTYKISGLPWGRVFGSGTVLDS SRFRYLLSKHCNIDPRNVHGRIIGEHGDTEFAAWSITNISGISFNEYCS ICGRVCNTNFRKEVEEEVVNAAYKIIDKKGATYYAVAVAVRRIVECILR DENSILTVSSPLNGQYGVKDVSLSLPSIVGRNGVARILDLPLSDEEVEK FRHSASVMADVIKQLDI EC 2.3.1.54 (SEQ ID NO: 51) MINEWRGFQEGKWQKTIDVQDFIQKNYTLYEGDDSFLEGPTEKTIKLWN KVLELMKEELKKGVLDIDTKTVSSITSHDAGYIDKDLEEIVGLQTDKPL KRAIMPYGGIRMVKKACEAYGYKVDPKVEEIFTKYRKTHNDGVFDAYTP EIRAARHAGIITGLPDAYGRGRIIGDYRRVALYGIDRLIEEKEKEKLEL DYDEFDEATIRLREELTEQIKALNEMKEMALKYGYDISKPAKNAKEAVQ WTYFAFLAAIKEQNGAAMSLGRVSTFLDIYIERDLKEGTLTEKQAQELM DHFVMKLRMVRFLRTPDYNELFSGDPVWVTESIGGVGVDGRPLVTKNSF RILNTLYNLGPAPEPNLTVLWSKNLPENFKRFCAKVSIDTSSIQYENDD LMRPIYNDDYSIACCVSAMKTGEQMQFFGARANLAKALLYAINGGIDER YKTQVAPKFNPITSEYLDYDEVMAAYDNMLEWLAKVYVKAMNIIHYMHD KYAYERSLMALHDRDIVRTMAFGIAGLSVAADSLSAIKYAKVKAIRDEN GIAIDYEVEGDFPKFGNDDDRVDSIAVDIVERFMNKLKKHKTYRNSIPT LSVLTITSNVVYGKKTGATPDGRKAGEPFAPGANPMHGRDTKGAIASMN SSKIPYDSSLDGISYTFTIVPNALGKDDEDKINNLVGLLDGYAFNAGHH ININVLNRDMLLDAMEHPEKYPQLTIRVSGYAVNFNKLTREQQLEVISR TFHESM EC1.2.7.1 (following four proteins) Or1545 (SEQ ID NO: 52) MVITVCVGSSCHLKGSYDVINKLKEMIKNYGIEDKVELKADFCMGNCLR AVSVKIDGGACLSIKPNSVERFFKEHVLGELK Or1546 (SEQ ID NO: 53) MSVINFKEANCRNCYKCIRYCPVKAIKVNDEQAEIIEYRCIACGRCLNI CPQNAKTVRSDVERVQSFLNKGEKVAFTVAPSYPALVGHDGALNFLKAL KSLGAEMIVETSVGAMLISKEYERYYNDLKYDNLITTSCPSVNYLVEKY YPDLIKCLVPVVSPMVAVGRAIKNIHGEGVKVVFIGPCLAKKAEMSDFS CEGAIDAVLTFEEVMNLFNTNKIGVECTKENLEDVDSESRFKLYPIEGK TMDCMDVDLNLRKFISVSSIENVKDILNDLRAGNLHGYWIEANACDGGC INGPAFGKLESGIAKRKEEVISYSRMKERFSGDFSGITDFSLDLSRKFI DLSDRWKMPSEMEIKEILSKIGKFSVEDELNCGACGYDTCREKAIAVFN GMAEPYMCLPYMRGRAETLSNIIISSTPNAIIAVNNEYEIQDMNRAFEK MELVNSAMVKGEDLSLIFDISDFVEVIENKKSIFNKKVSFKNYGIIALE SIYYLEEYKIAIGIFTDITKMEKQKESFSKLKRENYQLAQQVIDRQMKV AQEIASLLGETTAETKVILTKMKDMLLNQGDDE or1547 (SEQ ID NO: 54) MSHYIDIAHASLNKYDEELCGDSVQIIRKKDYAMAVMADGLGSGVKANI LSTLTTRIVSKMLDMGSELRDVVETVAETLPICKERNIAYSTFTVVSIY GDNAHLVEYDNPSVFYFKNGVHKKVDRKCVEIGDKKIFESSFKLDLNDA LIVVSDGVIHAGVGGILNLGWQWDNVKQYLSKVLEVYSDASDICSQLIT TCNNLYKNRPGDDTTAIVIKVNESKKVTVMVGPPILKNMDEWVVKKLMK SEGLKVVCGGTAAKIVSRILNKDVITSTEYIDPDIPPYAHIDGIDLVTE GVLTLRKTVEIFKEYMNDKDSNLLRFSKKDAATRLFKILNYATDVNFLV GQAVNSAHQNPDFPSDLRIKVRIVEELISLLERLNKNVEVNYF or1548 (SEQ ID NO: 55) LFKFNTDVQMLKYEVLYNVAKLTLEDRLEDEYDEIPYEIIPGTKPRFRC CVYKERAIIEQRTKVAMGKNLKRTMKHAVDGEEPIIQVLDIACEECPIK RYRVTEACRGCITHRCTEVCPKGAITIINKKANIDYDKCIECGRCKDAC PYNAISDNLRPCIRSCSAKAITMDEELKAAINYEKCTSCGACTLACPFG AITDKSYIVDIIRAIKSGKKVYALVAPAIASQFKDVTVGQIKSALKEFG FVDVIEVALGADFVAMEEAKEFSHKIKDIKVMTSSCCPAFVAHIKKSYP ELSQNISTTVSPMTAISKYIKKHDPMAVTVFIGPCTAKKSEVMRDDVKG ITDFAMTFEEMVAVLDAAKIDMKEQQDVEVDDATLFGRKFARSGGVLEA VVEAVKEIGADVEVNPVVCNGLDECNKTLKIMKAGKLPNNFIEGMACIG GCIGGAGVINNNVNQAKLAVNKFGDSSYHKSIKDRISQFDTDDVDFHVD SGEDESSETSFKEA EC 1.2.1.43 or2328 (SEQ ID NO: 56) MDKVRITIDGIPAEVPANYTVLQAAKYAKIEIPTLCYLEEINEIGACRL CVVEIKGVRNLQASCVYPVSDGMEIYTNTPRVREARRSNLELILSAHDR SCLTCVRSGNCELQDLSRKSGIDEIRFMGENIKYQKDESSPSIVRDPNK CVLCRRCVATCNNVQNVFAIGMVNRGFKTIVAPSFGRGLNESPCISCGQ CIEACPVGAIYEKDHTKIVYDALLDEKKYVVVQTAPAVRVALGEEFGMP YGSIVTGKMVSALKRLGFDKVFDTDFAADLTIIEEGNELLKRLNEGGKL PMITSCSPGWINYCERYYPEFIDNLSTCKSPHMMMGAIIKSYFAEKEGI DPKDIFVVSIMPCTAKKYEIDRPQMIVDGMKDVDAVLTTRELARMIKQS GIDFVNLPDSEYDNPLGESSGAGVIFGATGGVMEAALRTVADIVEGKDI ENFEYEEVRGLEGIKEAKIDIGGKEIKIAVANGTGNAKKLLDKIKNGEA EYHFIEVMGCPGGCIMGGGQPIHNPNEKDLVRKSRLKAIYEADKDLPIR KSHKNPMITKLYEEFLISPLGEKSHHLLHTTYSKKDLYPMND EC 4.1.2.13 or0260 (SEQ ID NO: 57) LNDILVKARNNKYAIGGFNFNFYDDALGIISAAYELKSPIILMASEGCV KFLGVKHIVNFVNQLKDEYNIPIILHLDHGKDIEIIKNCIDNKFDSIMY DGSLLNFEENIKNTKFIADLCHDKGMTIEGELGRISGAEENIENSEDVF TDPDSVAEFTERSDVDSLAVAIGNAHGLYKGRPRLDFERLSKINKISKV PLVLHGGTGIPYEDIQKAIQLGISKVNVGTEIKIAYIKSIKKHLETIND NDIRHLVSMVQNDIKELVKQYLDIFGTANKYSQLQSM or0330 (SEQ ID NO: 58) MLVTGIELLKKANEEGYAVGAFNTSNLEITQAIVEAAEEMRSPAIIQVS EGGLKYAGIETISAIVRTLATKASVPIALHLDHGTDFNNVMKCLRNGWT SVMMDASKLPLEKNIEVTKNVVTIAHGMGVSVEAEIGKIGGTEDNVTVD EREASMTDPDEAFKFAKETGVDYLAISIGTAHGPYKGEPKLDFDRLVKI KEMLKMPIVLHGASGVPEADIRKAVSLGVNKINIDTDIRQAFAARLREL LKNDEEVYDPRKILGPCKEAMKEVIKNKMRMFGSEGRA or0272 (SEQ ID NO: 59) MITGDQLLIKQINKSIVLNTIRKKGLISRADLANITGLNKSTVSSLVDE LIKEGFVEEEGPGESKGGRKPIMLMINSLAGCVIGVDLDVNYILVILTD ILANILWQKRINLKLGESKEDIISKMLELIDEAIKNSPNTVKGILGIGI GVPGITDYKRGVVLKAPNLNWENVELKKMVEERFNLKVYIDNEANTGAI GEKWFGGGRNAKNFVYVSAGIGIGTGIIINNELYRGSNGLAGEMGHMTI DINDHMCSCGNRGCWENYASEKSLFRYIKERLEAGQEDDFIDSENIDSL DINDIAGYAELGSKLAIDAINEISKNLSVGIVNIVNTFNPDLVLIGNTL SAIGDMLIDAVKEYVREKCLVSRYNDIAIEISKLGMLERAIGAVTLVIS EVFSYPGL or1389 (SEQ ID NO: 60) MTNVLNFDYSNALNFVNEHEISYLEKQALLSLDMVLNKTAQGSDFLGWV DLPKDYDKEEFARIKKAAEKIKSDSDALVVIGIGGSYLGARAAIEMLTH SFYNVLPQSVRKAPEIYFAGNSISSTYLQDLLEILEGKDVSINVISKSG TTTEPAIAFRVFRDFLEKKYGKEEAKSRIYVTTDRQKGALKKLADEEGY ETFVIPDDVGGRYSVLTAVGLLPIAAAGIDIDEMMKGAYDASIVFKKPD IKENLSMQYAVLRNALYRKGKSVEILVNYEPRLHYFSEWWKQLYGESEG KDHKGIYPASVDFSTDLHSMGQFIQDGSRIMFETVINVEKPLKEITINE DKDNVDGLNFLTGKTVDLVNKKAFEGTVLAHNDGGVPNLIVNVPEISAY NFGYLVYFFEMACGISGYLNGVNPFDQPGVEAYKKNMFALLGKPGYEKE KEELEKRLKR or2875 (SEQ ID NO: 61) MYNIQLDSPNLGDKEKDYLVKCIESGYVSTVGPFVPEFERRFAEFLNVN HCVSVQSGTAALYMALYELGIKDGDEVIVPAITFVATVNPIVYCGATPV FVDVDKDTWNIDPKEIEKAITPKTKAIIPVHLYGNPCDMDKIMEIAKEN NIYVIEDATESLGALYKGRMTGTIGHIGCFSFNGNKVITTGGGGMVASN NEDWVSHIRFLVNQARDMTQGYFHTEIGFNYRMTNLEASLGIAQLERLA GFLEKKRMYFEIYKKIFNGIEEISLQTEYEGAKSSDWLSSVKIDCKKVG MTIHQIQDELKRRGIPTRRIFNPIVDLPPYKKYKKGSYSNSYEIYENGL NLPSSTLNTYEDVKYVAKTLLDILSIKKR T. saccharolyticum pdu Genes or228-or200

or228 SEQ ID NO: 62: MLAIERRKRIMRLIQENQSVLVPELSKLFNVTEETIRRDLEKLEAEGLLKRTYGGA VINENSSADIPLNIREITNIESKQAISMKVAEYIEDGDTLLLDSSSTVLQVAKQLKFKKKLT VITNSEKIILELANAKDCKVISTGGVLKQNSMSLIGNFAEDMIKNFCVDKAIISSKGFDMT NGITESNEMEAEIKKAMANSAEKVFLLLDHNKFDKSSFVKMFDLDKIDYLFTDRKLSLE WEEFLKKHNIDLIYC SEQ ID NO: 63: ATGCTTGCGATAGAACGAAGGAAGAGGATAATGAGGCTTATACAGGAAAATC AAAGCGTTTGGTGCCTGAGTTAAGTAAATTGTTTAATGTGACAGAGGAAACTATAAG GAGAGATTTAGAGAAACTTGAAGCAGAAGGGCTTTTAAAGAGGACTTATGGTGGTG CTGTTATAAATGAAAATTCAAGTGCTGATATCCCCTTAAATATAAGGGAAATAACGA ATATAGAAAGCAAACAGGCCATAAGTATGAAGGTTGCCGAATACATTGAAGATGGT GATACACTTTTGCTTGATTCAAGCTCTACAGTTCTTCAAGTAGCAAAGCAATTAAAA TTCAAAAAGAAGCTTACAGTCATAACAAATTCGGAAAAGATAATATTAGAATTAGC AAATGCGAAAGATTGCAAAGTCATTTCTACAGGAGGAGTATTGAAGCAAAATTCTAT GTCGCTAATTGGAAATTTCGCGGAAGATATGATAAAAAATTTCTGTGTAGATAAAGC CATAATATCATCAAAAGGTTTTGACATGACAAATGGCATTACAGAGTCAAACGAAAT GGAAGCTGAAATAAAAAAAGCCATGGCCAACTCGGCAGAAAAAGTGTTTTTACTTC TTGATCACAACAAATTTGACAAGTCATCGTTCGTCAAGATGTTTGACTTAGATAAAA TCGATTATCTATTTACCGATAGAAAGCTGTCTTTAGAATGGGAAGAATTCTTGAAAA AACACAATATTGATTTAATCTATTGTTAG or227 SEQ ID NO: 64: VYSEYEVKKQICEIGKRIYMNGFVAANDGNITVRIGENEIITTPTGVSKGFMTPDM LLNINLNGEVLKSSGDYKPSTEIKMHLRVYRERPDVKSVIHAHPPFGTGFAIVGIPLTKPI MPEAVISLGCVPIAEYGTPSTEELPDAVSKYLQNYDALLLENHGALTYGPDLISAYYKME SLEFYAKLTFISTLLGGPKELSDSQVEKLYEIRRKFGLKGRHPGDLCSTLGCSTNSAKSND DDISELVNVITKKVLEQLKYN SEQ ID NO: 65: GTGTATTCTGAATATGAGGTAAAAAAACAGATCTGCGAAATAGGAAAGAGAA TCTACATGAATGGGTTTGTGGCAGCGAATGACGGCAATATCACCGTTAGGATTGGTG AAAATGAAATAATAACGACGCCTACCGGTGTCAGCAAAGGTTTCATGACTCCAGAC ATGCTATTAAATATTAATTTAAACGGTGAAGTATTAAAATCTTCAGGCGACTACAAA CCGTCCACAGAAATAAAGATGCATCTTAGAGTCTATAGAGAAAGGCCAGATGTCAA ATCAGTCATACATGCACATCCACCATTTGGCACAGGTTTTGCTATTGTAGGGATCCC GCTTACAAAGCCAATAATGCCAGAAGCAGTTATATCTTTAGGCTGTGTGCCGATAGC CGAATACGGGACGCCTTCTACAGAAGAGCTGCCAGATGCCGTCTCTAAATATTTGCA AAATTACGATGCGCTTTTATTAGAAAATCATGGTGCGTTGACATACGGTCCTGATTT AATTAGCGCATACTACAAGATGGAATCACTTGAATTTTACGCAAAATTGACATTTAT TTCTACACTTCTCGGAGGTCCAAAAGAATTATCAGATAGCCAAGTAGAAAAGCTTTA TGAAATTAGGAGAAAATTCGGTTTAAAAGGAAGACATCCAGGCGATTTGTGCAGTA CATTAGGATGCAGCACAAATTCTGCAAAATCGAATGATGATGACATTTCTGAACTTG TGAATGTTATCACTAAGAAAGTATTAGAACAATTGAAATACAATTAA or226 SEQ ID NO: 66: MKHSKRFEVLGKRPVNQDGFINEWPEKGFIAMCSPNDPKPSIKIENDKIVEMDGK RREDFDFIDLFIADHAINIYQAEKSMKMNSLDIAKMLVNDINVERKTIIKVVSGLTPAKIME VVNHLNVVEMMMAMQKMRARKIPANQSHITNLKDNPVQIAADAAECALRGFREEETT VGVTKYAPFNAIALLIGSQALKRGVLTQCAVEEATELELGMRGFTTYAETISVYGTESVF IDGDDTPYSKAFLASAYASRGLKMRFTSGTGSEVLMGNAEGKSMLYLEIRCIMVTKGAG VQGLQNGAISCIGITSSVPSGIRAVLAENLIASMLDLEVASGNDQTFTHSDIRRTARTMMQ FLPGTDFIFSGYSGTPNYDNMFAGSNFDAEDFDDYNVLQRDLMVDGGLRPVKEEDVVE VRRKAAKALQDVFRELNLGVVTDEEVEAAAYAHGSKDMPERDVLSDLESIDEMMKRGI TGIDIVKALYRSGHEDIAENILNMLKQRISGDYLQTSAILDEDFNVISAINCPNDYLGPGT GYRIDKDRWEEIKNIPYTINPDNL SEQ ID NO: 67: ATGAAACATTCTAAGCGATTTGAGGTTCTCGGCAAAAGACCTGTAAATCAGG ATGGATTTATAAATGAATGGCCAGAAAAAGGCTTCATAGCAATGTGTAGTCCCAATG ATCCTAAGCCATCAATAAAGATTGAAAACGACAAGATCGTTGAGATGGATGGGAAG AGAAGAGAAGACTTTGATTTTATAGATTTATTCATAGCTGATCACGCTATAAATATTT ATCAGGCTGAGAAATCCATGAAAATGAACTCGCTTGATATAGCCAAAATGCTTGTAG ATATAAATGTAGAGAGAAAGACTATAATAAAAGTAGTTTCGGGACTTACACCTGCC AAAATAATGGAAGTTGTAAATCATCTTAATGTCGTTGAAATGATGATGGCTATGCAG AAAATGCGAGCAAGAAAGATTCCGGCTAATCAATCACATATTACAAATCTTAAAGA TAATCCTGTGCAGATTGCAGCGGATGCTGCCGAATGTGCTTTAAGAGGTTTTAGGGA AGAAGAGACCACCGTAGGAGTGACAAAATATGCTCCGTTTAATGCAATAGCGTTATT GATAGGGTCTCAGGCATTAAAAAGAGGCGTGCTTACTCAATGTGCTGTTGAGGAGGC GACGGAACTTGAATTAGGCATGAGGGGATTTACCACATACGCTGAGACTATATCTGT TTATGGAACTGAAAGTGTTTTTATAGATGGTGACGATACACCTTACTCCAAAGCATT CCTTGCTTCTGCTTATGCGTCAAGAGGATTGAAAATGAGGTTTACGTCAGGTACAGG TTCAGAAGTTCTTATGGGAAATGCAGAGGGTAAATCGATGTTGTACCTGGAAATCAG GTGCATCATGGTTACAAAAGGTGCAGGAGTGCAGGGGCTTCAAAATGGTGCAATAA GCTGTATAGGCATAACTAGCTCAGTTCCTTCAGGTATAAGGGCGGTGCTGGCTGAAA ACCTTATAGCATCTATGCTTGATTTAGAGGTAGCATCAGGCAATGATCAGACTTTTA CACATTCAGACATAAGAAGGACAGCAAGGACTATGATGCAGTTTTTACCCGGTACTG ATTTCATATTTTCAGGTTACAGTGGAACGCCTAATTATGACAATATGTTTGCAGGTTC CAATTTTGATGCAGAAGATTTTGATGACTACAATGTACTGCAAAGGGATTTAATGGT AGATGGAGGGTTAAGGCCTGTAAAAGAAGAAGATGTGGTAGAAGTGAGGCGAAAG GCAGCTAAAGCTTTGCAGGATGTATTTAGAGAGTTAAATCTTGGAGTAGTTACAGAT GAAGAAGTAGAAGCAGCAGCATATGCACACGGCAGCAAAGATATGCCTGAAAGAG ATGTTTTGTCTGACCTTGAATCAATCGATGAGATGATGAAAAGAGGGATTACAGGCA TTGACATCGTAAAGGCTTTATATAGATCTGGACATGAGGATATAGCGGAAAACATTT TAAACATGTTAAAACAGCGCATATCTGGAGACTATTTGCAGACATCAGCTATTCTTG ATGAAGATTTTAATGTTATAAGCGCCATAAATTGTCCAAATGATTACTTAGGACCTG GAACAGGATATAGGATTGATAAAGATAGATGGGAAGAGATAAAGAATATTCCTTAC ACCATTAATCCTGACAATTTGTAA or225 SEQ ID NO: 68: MYVDEELLKEITKRVIEELNNKHKTDNVPSYFIENGVAYKGKNIEEVVIGVGPAF GKHIKKTINGLDHRDVIKEIIAGIEEEGMVHRIVRVLKTSDVAFIGKEAALLSGSGIGIGIQ SKGTTVIHQKDLYPLSNLELFPQAPLLNLELYREIGKNAARYAKGMMVKPILIQNDYMV RPKYQVKAAIMHIKETEKILKNAQSIQLTIDL SEQ ID NO: 69: ATGTACGTAGATGAAGAACTGTTAAAAGAAATTACTAAACGTGTTATAGAAG AATTAAATAATAAGCATAAAACTGATAATGTGCCTTCGTATTTTATTGAAAATGGAG TTGCCTATAAGGGTAAAAATATAGAGGAAGTCGTCATTGGTGTTGGGCCTGCATTTG GAAAGCATATAAAAAAGACTATAAATGGCCTTGACCATAGAGATGTCATAAAAGAA ATAATTGCAGGCATCGAAGAAGAAGGTATGGTTCATAGAATTGTAAGAGTTCTAAA GACTTCTGATGTGGCGTTCATAGGCAAAGAAGCTGCTTTATTAAGCGGATCGGGAAT AGGCATAGGCATACAATCAAAAGGTACTACAGTGATTCATCAAAAAGATTTATATCC TTTAAGCAATTTAGAACTGTTTCCACAAGCTCCACTGCTAAATTTAGAATTATACAG GGAAATAGGCAAAAATGCGGCGAGATATGCTAAAGGCATGATGGTAAAGCCTATTT TGATTCAAAATGATTACATGGTGAGACCTAAATACCAAGTGAAAGCTGCTATAATGC ATATAAAAGAGACGGAAAAGATATTGAAAAATGCTCAATCAATCCAATTGACGATA GACTTGTAA or224 SEQ ID NO: 70: MEEYPLSKSAFDKLVTKTGKHLNEINIENVMKGNVKPDDIKISKEVLLMQGQIAE RYGRHQMKENFTRASELTDVPDEKILEIYESLRPFRSTKEELINLAYELRDKYNAINCANL ILEAAEVYEKRNILKT SEQ ID NO: 71: ATGGAAGAATATCCGCTATCAAAAAGTGCTTTTGATAAATTGGTGACAAAAA CAGGCAAACATTTGAATGAAATAAATATTGAAAATGTAATGAAGGGAAACGTAAAA CCCGATGATATCAAGATATCCAAAGAAGTGCTTTTAATGCAAGGGCAAATTGCAGA AAGATACGGCAGGCATCAGATGAAGGAGAATTTCACAAGAGCATCGGAGCTTACAG ATGTTCCAGATGAAAAGATTTTGGAAATATATGAGAGCTTAAGGCCGTTTAGATCTA CAAAGGAAGAGCTTATAAATCTTGCCTATGAATTAAGAGATAAGTACAATGCCATTA ACTGTGCAAACTTGATACTTGAGGCTGCTGAAGTATATGAAAAAAGAAATATTTTGA AAACTTAA or223 SEQ ID NO: 72: MKLIAGVDIGNSTTEVCIAAIKDDNTLEFLSSSLTATTGVKGTVDNVTGVINGLTE ALKKIGKNIRDLSLIRINEAAPVVCGAAMETITETVITGSTMIGHNPSTPGGVGLGVGEIIH INDLADATKGKNYIVVIPKEIGYEEASIMINKSFENDIDVKAAIVQSDEAVLINNRLKKIIPI VDEVRQIEKIPSGVVAAVEVAPEGKSISTLSNPYGIATIFDLTPEETKYVIPISKSLMGKKS AVVIKTPRGQVKERIIPAGNLLIMGPTMSSKVSVDSGAEAIMESVEEVGTIDDVEGEENT NVGNMIKNLKNKMANITGQKVDKIKIKDIFAVDTTVPVKVEGGLAGETSMEKAVVLAA MVKTDTLPMIEIAEKLQRKLGVFVKIAGVEAVMATLGALTTPGTKLPLAILDIGGGSTDA ALIDEKGIVKSIHMAGAGELVTMLIDSELGLNDRYLSEEIKRNPIGKVESLFHIRMENREI KFFDKPLNPRYYGRIVILKENDMIPVFKEDLTMEKIIYVRRQAKDKVFVKNAIRALKKIA PENNLRRIPNVVLVGGSALDFEIPEMILSELSKYKIIAGRGNIRKIEGPRNAVATGLVMSY LG SEQ ID NO: 73: ATGAAACTCATAGCAGGTGTTGATATTGGCAATTCTACAACAGAAGTGTGTAT AGCCGCTATTAAAGATGACAATACATTAGAATTTTTAAGCAGTTCCTTGACAGCTAC GACAGGTGTAAAAGGCACTGTGGATAATGTGACAGGGGTTATTAATGGATTGACTG AGGCACTAAAAAAAATTGGCAAGAATATTAGGGATTTAAGCCTCATTAGAATCAAT GAAGCCGCCCCAGTTGTCTGTGGTGCTGCTATGGAGACAATAACGGAAACTGTTATC ACTGGTTCGACTATGATAGGTCATAATCCATCCACGCCGGGTGGTGTCGGACTTGGA GTAGGCGAGATAATACATATAAATGATTTAGCTGATGCTACTAAAGGCAAAAATTAC ATTGTGGTTATACCTAAGGAGATTGGCTATGAAGAAGCTTCAATAATGATAAACAAA TCTTTTGAAAACGATATTGATGTAAAAGCTGCTATAGTTCAAAGCGATGAAGCAGTT TTAATCAACAACAGGCTTAAAAAGATTATACCAATTGTTGACGAAGTAAGGCAGAT AGAAAAGATTCCATCGGGTGTTGTAGCGGCTGTAGAGGTGGCACCAGAAGGCAAGT CCATAAGCACGTTATCAAATCCTTATGGTATCGCAACAATATTTGACTTAACTCCAG AAGAGACAAAGTATGTCATACCGATTTCGAAAAGTTTGATGGGGAAAAAGTCAGCA GTTGTCATAAAAACACCGAGGGGACAAGTGAAAGAAAGAATAATTCCGGCTGGTAA TCTCTTAATCATGGGGCCTACTATGTCATCAAAAGTAAGTGTTGATTCTGGTGCTGAA GCTATAATGGAATCAGTTGAAGAAGTCGGCACAATTGATGACGTAGAAGGTGAAGA AAATACAAATGTTGGGAATATGATAAAAAATCTAAAAAACAAGATGGCAAATATAA CTGGGCAAAAAGTAGATAAGATAAAGATTAAAGATATCTTCGCTGTTGATACGACA GTCCCTGTTAAAGTAGAGGGCGGACTTGCTGGTGAGACTTCAATGGAAAAAGCAGT CGTGTTGGCGGCTATGGTAAAGACAGATACGCTTCGATGATAGAAATTGCAGAAAA GCTTCAAAGAAAGTTGGGTGTATTTGTAAAAATAGCTGGAGTAGAAGCTGTGATGGC TACATTAGGTGCGCTTACAACTCCAGGCACAAAGTTGCCACTTGCAATACTGGATAT CGGTGGGGGTTCTACAGATGCAGCTTTGATTGATGAAAAAGGCATTGTAAAATCTAT ACACATGGCAGGTGCTGGAGAATTAGTCACAATGCTTATTGATTCAGAATTAGGGTT AAATGATAGATATTTGTCTGAAGAAATAAAGAGAAATCCGATTGGAAAAGTTGAAA GCCTATTTCACATAAGAATGGAAAATAGGGAGATAAAGTTTTTTGACAAACCTTTAA ATCCTCGATATTACGGTAGGATCGTAATTTTAAAAGAAAATGACATGATCCCTGTAT TTAAAGAAGATTTGACAATGGAAAAGATTATTTACGTGCGAAGACAAGCGAAGGAT AAAGTTTTCGTTAAAAATGCTATTAGAGCTTTGAAAAAAATTGCTCCGGAAAATAAT TTAAGGCGAATACCAAATGTAGTCTTGGTTGGCGGTTCTGCTTTGGACTTTGAAATTC CAGAGATGATTTTATCAGAGCTATCAAAATACAAAATCATAGCAGGCAGAGGGAAT ATAAGAAAAATCGAAGGGCCAAGAAATGCTGTAGCGACAGGTCTTGTGATGTCTTA TTTAGGGTGA or222 SEQ ID NO: 74: MEFIKPQIVIFANTENKYIINEVIAGIEEEGALYRLSYNECADVMKMAYDAAKAS VLGIGIGISGDLVCLHSKNLEINTPLILSKTSENFDPRLVGCNAAKYVKGLPLKYLD SEQ ID NO: 75: ATGGAATTTATAAAGCCTCAAATAGTGATTTTTGCAAATACAGAAAACAAAT ATATAATAAACGAGGTTATAGCTGGCATTGAAGAAGAAGGTGCATTATATAGATTAT CTTACAATGAATGTGCTGATGTTATGAAAATGGCTTATGATGCAGCAAAAGCATCTG TATTAGGTATCGGAATAGGCATATCTGGAGATTTAGTGTGTTTGCACTCTAAAAACT TGGAAATCAATACACCTTTGATTCTTTCAAAGACAAGTGAAAACTTTGATCCACGAC TCGTTGGATGCAATGCTGCAAAATATGTAAAGGGTTTGCCACTTAAATACTTAGATT AG or221 SEQ ID NO: 76: MSVYTKTGDDGYTLLLNGERIPKDDLRIETLGNLDELTSYLGFAKAQINDDSIKKR SEQ ID NO: 77: ATGAGTGTTTATACTAAAACTGGTGATGATGGTTACACGTTGCTATTAAATGG AGAAAGAATTCCAAAGGACGATTTGAGAATAGAGACATTGGGAAATTTGGATGAAT TGACAAGCTATTTAGGATTTGCAAAAGCTCAAATAAATGATGATTCCATAAAAAAGA GATAG or220 SEQ ID NO: 78: MVKIKNGFVIPGKNQISALLDIVRTITRKTERSLIKVDKKYPVNINSKVYINRLSDY LFVLARYMEIRTEIEEKVKDVIRKHYGKNKGEIKLNLDIAKNLMAKVEKKAESINLPVAI AIVDMHGNLIAAHFMDGTLLESMNLAINKAYTSVVLKMSTQELSKLAQPGQPLYGINTT DNRIVVFGGGCPIKHQGEIVGGIGVSGGTVEQDIELSIYGADVFEEVIS SEQ ID NO: 79: ATGGTAAAGATTAAAAATGGTTTTGTAATACCTGGTAAAAACCAAATCTCAG CATTATTAGATATTGTAAGGACTATAACGAGAAAAACTGAGAGAAGCTTAATCAAA GTTGACAAGAAATATCCTGTAAATATTAATTCGAAAGTTTACATCAATAGATTGTCT GATTATTTGTTTGTTTTAGCAAGGTATATGGAAATAAGAACGGAAATAGAAGAAAA AGTAAAAGACGTGATAAGAAAGCATTATGGAAAGAACAAAGGCGAAATAAAGCTA AATTTAGATATAGCAAAAAATTTAATGGCTAAGGTAGAAAAGAAGGCAGAAAGCAT TAATCTACCGGTTGCTATTGCAATAGTTGACATGCATGGCAATTTGATAGCGGCTCA TTTTATGGATGGTACACTTCTTGAAAGCATGAATCTAGCTATAAATAAAGCTTATAC ATCAGTGGTGCTTAAAATGTCGACGCAAGAGTTATCAAAACTTGCACAACCAGGGC AGCCTCTTTACGGGATAAATACAACTGATAATAGAATCGTAGTGTTTGGAGGTGGGT GCCCTATAAAACATCAAGGTGAAATAGTTGGTGGAATTGGAGTTAGCGGTGGTACA GTAGAACAAGATATAGAACTTTCTATTTATGGTGCAGATGTATTTGAGGAGGTTATA TCATGA or219 SEQ ID NO: 80: MKVKEEDIEAIVKKVLSEFNFEKNTKSFRDFGVFQDMNDAIRAAKDAQKKLRNM SMESREKIIQNIRKKIMENKKILAEMGVSETGMGKVEHKIIKHELVALKTPGTEDIVTTA WSGDKGLTLVEMGPFGVIGTITPSTNPSETVLCNSIGMIAAGNSVVFNPHPGAVNVSNYA VKLVNEAVMEAGGPENLVASVEKPTLETGNIMFKSPDVSLLVATGGPGVVTSVLSSGKR AIGAGAGNPPVVVDETADIKKAAKDIVDGATFDNNLPCIAEKEVVSVDKITDELIYYMQ QNGCYKIEGREIEKLIELVLDHKGGKITLNRKWVGKDAHLILKAIGIDADESVRCIIFEAE KDNPLVVEELMMPILGIVRAKNVDEAIMIATELEHGNRHSAHMHSKNVDNLTKFGKIID TAIFVKNAPSYAALGYGGEGYCTFTIASRTGEGLTSARTFTKSRRCVLADGLSIR SEQ ID NO: 81: ATGAAAGTTAAAGAGGAAGATATTGAAGCGATCGTCAAAAAAGTCTTATCGG AATTTAATTTTGAAAAAAATACTAAAAGTTTCAGAGATTTTGGCGTATTTCAAGATA TGAATGATGCTATTCGTGCTGCAAAAGATGCCCAGAAAAAATTGAGAAATATGTCCA TGGAGTCGAGAGAAAAGATTATACAGAATATAAGAAAAAAGATTATGGAGAATAAA AAAATACTTGCAGAGATGGGCGTCAGTGAAACTGGCATGGGGAAAGTAGAGCACAA AATAATAAAACATGAGCTTGTAGCACTTAAGACACCTGGTACCGAAGATATAGTGA CAACAGCATGGTCTGGCGATAAGGGACTGACATTGGTTGAAATGGGGCCATTTGGTG TAATAGGTACGATTACTCCTTCGACAAATCCAAGTGAAACCGTCCTTTGCAATAGCA TAGGTATGATAGCCGCAGGTAATTCAGTCGTATTTAATCCACATCCAGGTGCGGTAA ATGTATCTAATTACGCTGTCAAGTTAGTAAATGAAGCGGTGATGGAAGCTGGCGGCC CTGAGAATTTAGTCGCATCTGTTGAAAAACCTACACTTGAAACTGGAAATATTATGT TCAAGAGTCCTGATGTTTCGCTATTAGTAGCGACAGGCGGACCTGGTGTAGTAACAT CGGTTCTCTCATCTGGCAAAAGGGCAATAGGAGCAGGAGCAGGAAATCCACCAGTT GTAGTTGATGAAACGGCAGATATAAAAAAAGCTGCGAAAGATATAGTCGATGGTGC TACATTTGACAACAATTTGCCTTGTATTGCTGAAAAGGAAGTAGTTTCTGTAGATAA AATAACAGATGAACTGATTTACTACATGCAACAGAATGGCTGCTACAAGATTGAGG GGCGAGAAATTGAAAAGCTCATTGAACTTGTATTGGATCACAAAGGTGGCAAGATA ACATTAAACAGGAAATGGGTTGGCAAAGATGCTCATTTAATACTAAAAGCTATAGG CATAGATGCTGATGAAAGCGTAAGGTGCATAATTTTTGAGGCGGAAAAAGACAATC CGTTAGTGGTAGAAGAGCTGATGATGCCTATTTTAGGAATAGTAAGAGCCAAAAAT GTAGATGAAGCGATAATGATTGCGACAGAGTTAGAACATGGCAATAGGCATTCAGC ACATATGCATTCTAAAAACGTTGATAATTTAACAAAGTTTGGAAAAATAATTGACAC TGCTATATTTGTAAAAAATGCTCCATCGTATGCCGCGTTAGGATATGGTGGTGAAGG TTATTGCACATTTACGATTGCAAGCAGAACAGGTGAAGGATTGACATCTGCAAGGAC TTTTACTAAAAGTCGTAGATGTGTCTTGGCAGATGGATTATCAATAAGATAG or218 SEQ ID NO: 82: MEVNQIDIEEIVKKILNDLRNEPKENIKESNSKIPSICRAAVLTDVKKIEVKEFNIPEI NDDEMLVKVEGCGVCGTDVHEYKGDPFGLIPLVLGHEGTGEIVKLGKNVRRDSAGKEI KEGDKIVTSVVPCGECDICLNHPDKTNLCENSKIYGLISDDNYHLNGWFSEYIVIRKGSTF YKVNDINLNLRLLVEPAAVVVHAVERAKSTGLMKFNSKVLVQGCGPIGLLLLSVVKTL GVENIIAVDGDENRLNMAKRLGATALINFTKYSNIDELVDAVKKASDGIGADFAFQCTG VPSAASNIWKFVRRGGGLCEVGFFVNNGDCKINPHYDICNKEITAVGSWTYTPQDYLTT FDFLKRAKEIGLPIEELITHRFSLDKMNEAMEVNMKQEGIKVVYINDRF SEQ ID NO: 83: ATGGAAGTCAATCAGATAGACATTGAGGAGATAGTTAAGAAAATATTAAATG ATTTAAGAAATGAGCCTAAAGAAAACATTAAAGAGAGCAATTCAAAAATACCATCT ATCTGCAGAGCTGCTGTACTTACAGATGTTAAAAAAATAGAAGTAAAAGAATTTAAT ATTCCAGAAATAAATGATGATGAAATGCTTGTCAAGGTGGAAGGCTGTGGCGTTTGC GGTACTGATGTTCATGAATACAAAGGAGATCCTTTTGGACTTATACCATTGGTTTTAG GACACGAAGGTACAGGTGAGATAGTCAAGCTGGGGAAAAACGTGAGACGAGATTCT GCTGGTAAAGAAATCAAAGAAGGCGATAAGATTGTTACATCTGTCGTTCCGTGCGGT GAATGCGATATATGTTTGAATCATCCAGACAAGACAAATTTGTGTGAAAACTCAAAG ATTTACGGCTTAATATCCGATGATAATTACCATTTAAATGGTTGGTTCTCAGAGTACA TCGTCATAAGGAAAGGCTCAACATTTTATAAGGTCAATGATATAAACCTTAATTTGA GGCTTTTGGTAGAACCGGCTGCAGTAGTCGTACATGCAGTAGAGCGCGCAAAATCCA CAGGTCTTATGAAATTCAACAGTAAAGTTCTCGTACAAGGCTGTGGCCCTATAGGAT TACTGCTATTGTCGGTTGTAAAGACGCTTGGAGTAGAAAATATCATAGCCGTCGACG GCGATGAGAATAGACTCAACATGGCTAAAAGATTAGGTGCTACAGCACTCATTAATT TTACTAAATACAGCAATATTGATGAGCTTGTTGATGCTGTTAAAAAAGCAAGCGATG GAATTGGCGCAGATTTTGCATTTCAATGTACAGGCGTTCCTTCTGCAGCGTCTAATAT TTGGAAGTTTGTAAGGCGGGGAGGTGGTTTATGCGAAGTTGGATTTTTTGTAAATAA TGGTGATTGTAAGATAAACCCCCATTATGATATTTGCAATAAGGAGATAACAGCAGT TGGCTCATGGACTTACACTCCTCAAGACTATTTGACAACTTTTGATTTTCTCAAAAGA GCTAAAGAAATAGGACTTCCAATTGAAGAGCTGATAACACATAGATTTTCACTTGAT AAAATGAATGAAGCTATGGAAGTTAATATGAAGCAGGAAGGGATAAAAGTAGTGTA TATAAATGACAGATTTTAG or217 SEQ ID NO: 84: MQAVGLIEVYGLVAAFVAADAACKKANVVIESFDNNKPLNAEALPVPLIIVVKL RGDLEDVKIAVDAAVDAANKISGVVATNIIAKPEEDTEKLLKLNCLK SEQ ID NO: 85: ATGCAGGCTGTTGGATTGATTGAAGTTTATGGATTAGTAGCGGCATTTGTGGC AGCAGATGCTGCATGCAAAAAAGCGAATGTCGTAATAGAGTCTTTTGACAACAATA AGCCATTAAATGCTGAAGCATTGCCAGTTCCATTGATAATAGTCGTTAAGCTCAGAG GAGATCTTGAGGATGTAAAAATAGCGGTAGATGCTGCAGTTGATGCAGCTAATAAA ATATCTGGTGTAGTTGCTACAAATATAATAGCAAAACCAGAAGAAGATACTGAAAA GCTATTAAAGCTAAATTGTCTTAAATAA or216 SEQ ID NO: 86: MVQEALGMVETRGLVAAIEAADAMVKAADVTLIGTEKIGSGLVTVMVRGDVG AVKAATEVGASAASKLGELVAVHVIPRPHTDVEKILPTIK SEQ ID NO: 87: ATGGTACAAGAAGCATTGGGAATGGTAGAAACGAGAGGATTGGTAGCAGCA ATAGAAGCAGCAGATGCTATGGTAAAGGCTGCGGATGTCACTTTGATAGGAACTGA AAAAATAGGTTCAGGACTTGTAACAGTCATGGTAAGAGGAGATGTCGGTGCAGTAA AAGCAGCGACAGAAGTTGGCGCAAGTGCAGCTTCAAAATTGGGAGAGTTAGTGGCT GTTCACGTAATACCAAGGCCTCATACTGATGTTGAAAAGATACTGCCGACAATTAAA TAA or215 SEQ ID NO: 88: MYAIGLIEVNGFVTAVETLDAMLKTANVEFVTWEKKLGGRLVTIIIKGDVSAVEE AILTGKIEADKITRTVAYAVIPNPHPETIKMVNISAGKLFKADGGEINEF SEQ ID NO: 89: ATGTATGCAATTGGACTTATTGAAGTAAATGGGTTTGTCACAGCGGTTGAAAC ACTGGATGCAATGTTGAAAACAGCCAATGTAGAGTTTGTAACATGGGAGAAAAAAC TTGGAGGCAGACTTGTGACAATCATTATTAAAGGAGATGTTTCAGCAGTTGAAGAAG CAATTTTAACTGGAAAGATTGAAGCTGACAAGATTACACGGACAGTAGCATACGCA GTTATTCCAAATCCACATCCAGAAACTATAAAGATGGTAAATATTAGTGCAGGAAAG CTATTTAAAGCAGATGGTGGTGAAATAAATGAGTTCTGA or214 SEQ ID NO: 90: MSSEEKDTNAKDVKVEKQKNNLTKTSNKEFKEELIMEQQALGMVETRGLVAAIE AADAMVKAANVTLIGTEKIGSGLVTVMVRGDVGAVKAATETGANAAKKLGELVAVH VIPRPHADVEKILPTIK SEQ ID NO: 91: ATGAGTTCTGAAGAAAAGGATACGAATGCAAAAGATGTTAAAGTCGAAAAG CAGAAAAATAATTTAACGAAAACATCAAATAAAGAATTTAAGGAGGAATTGATTAT GGAACAACAAGCATTAGGAATGGTAGAGACGAGAGGATTGGTAGCAGCGATAGAA GCTGCTGATGCAATGGTAAAGGCTGCTAATGTCACGTTAATAGGAACTGAAAAAAT AGGTTCAGGACTTGTAACAGTCATGGTAAGAGGAGATGTTGGTGCAGTAAAAGCAG CGACAGAGACTGGAGCAAATGCAGCTAAAAAGTTAGGGGAGTTAGTAGCTGTTCAC GTAATACCAAGACCTCATGCAGATGTAGAGAAAATACTGCCTACGATAAAGTAG or213 SEQ ID NO: 92: VITVNEKLIEIISKTIADTISERNSLKIPVGVSARHVHLTKEHLDILFGKDYILKKKK ELMGGQFAAEECVTIIGFKLNAIEKVRVLGPLRDKTQVEISKTDAISLGLNPPIRESGDIKG SSPITIVGPRGAISLKEGCIIAKRHIHMSPEDSKRFNVKDDDIISVKINGQRGGILENVQIRV DEKYTLEMHIDTDEANCMGLKSGDFVEIVRDNRS SEQ ID NO: 93: GTGATAACAGTGAACGAAAAATTGATAGAGATTATATCAAAAACTATAGCGG ATACGATTAGTGAAAGGAATTCGCTTAAGATACCAGTAGGCGTATCAGCCCGACATG TACATCTGACTAAAGAACATTTGGATATATTATTTGGAAAAGATTATATCCTTAAAA AGAAAAAGGAATTGATGGGTGGACAGTTCGCAGCAGAGGAATGTGTGACAATTATC GGATTTAAATTAAATGCTATTGAGAAAGTGAGAGTTTTGGGTCCTTTAAGAGATAAA ACGCAGGTAGAAATATCGAAGACCGATGCAATAAGTTTAGGGTTAAACCCTCCTATA CGGGAATCAGGTGATATAAAAGGTTCATCGCCAATTACAATTGTAGGGCCGAGAGG AGCAATATCATTAAAAGAAGGATGTATAATAGCAAAACGACATATTCACATGTCAC CGGAAGATTCCAAAAGATTCAATGTTAAAGACGACGATATAATATCAGTAAAAATA AATGGTCAGCGAGGCGGAATTTTAGAAAATGTACAGATTAGAGTTGACGAAAAGTA TACACTTGAGATGCATATTGACACAGATGAAGCTAATTGCATGGGACTAAAAAGCG GCGATTTTGTTGAAATAGTAAGAGATAATAGGAGTTGA or212 SEQ ID NO: 94: LIIAKVVGTVISTRKNQNLIGNKFLIVEPVSEMNYDSKNRVVAIDNVGAGVGEIVL VTFGSSARIGCGMPDSPVDAAIVGIVDSIKDIIIDD SEQ ID NO: 95: TTGATAATAGCTAAAGTTGTTGGTACTGTTATTTCTACCCGCAAGAATCAAAA TTTAATAGGCAATAAATTTTTAATAGTAGAACCAGTAAGTGAAATGAATTATGACAG TAAAAATAGGGTTGTTGCAATAGATAATGTAGGTGCAGGTGTAGGAGAGATAGTAT TAGTTACCTTTGGAAGTTCAGCAAGAATCGGTTGTGGTATGCCAGATTCGCCTGTAG ATGCGGCAATTGTCGGAATTGTTGATAGCATAAAAGATATTATCATTGATGATTAG or211 SEQ ID NO: 96: MMNIDELKNIVFENGIVGAGGAGFPTHAKLTTGIDTIILNGAECEPLLRVDRQLLA IYTDEILMTLSFIVDTLGAKRGIVAIKSAYKTAISSVKNLIGNYKNLELKVLPDVYPAGDE VVLIYETTGRIVPEGSIPISVGTLVMNVETVLNVYNAIYLKHPVTEKYVTVTGDVKYPSTF KAKVGTSVARLIEKAGGCLEKDCEVIMGGPMTGKIVDVKTPITKTTKAIIVLPKDHPVIT KRKTNIRIGLKRAMSVCSQCQMCTDLCPRNLLGHSIKPHKVMNAVANSIIDDTAAYTMT MLCSECGLCEMYSCHQSLSPRKIISQIKIKLRQNGVKNPHNKRPETANVMRDERLVPME RLISRLSLKKYDVDAPMNFDTVIPSHHVVMQLSQHVGAKAIPVVKVGDIVKEGDLIGDV PNNKLGAKLHASIDGIIIDVTDDSIVIKPRGDFDGQSDRIG SEQ ID NO: 97: ATGATGAATATTGATGAACTTAAAAATATCGTATTTGAAAATGGAATAGTCG GTGCAGGCGGAGCTGGATTTCCTACACATGCAAAACTTACTACAGGTATAGATACAA TCATATTAAATGGCGCTGAATGTGAACCGCTTTTAAGAGTAGATAGGCAGCTACTTG CAATATATACTGATGAAATATTGATGACTTTATCATTCATAGTTGATACTTTAGGAGC CAAACGTGGCATTGTAGCAATAAAATCAGCATACAAAACTGCCATCAGCTCAGTTAA GAATTTGATTGGTAATTATAAAAACTTGGAGTTAAAGGTATTGCCAGACGTTTATCC TGCTGGTGATGAAGTTGTATTAATATATGAAACGACTGGAAGAATTGTGCCAGAAGG TTCTATACCTATTTCTGTTGGCACGTTGGTAATGAATGTGGAAACTGTGCTTAATGTT TATAATGCTATTTATTTAAAACATCCAGTCACAGAAAAGTATGTAACAGTAACGGGA GATGTCAAATATCCCAGCACATTTAAAGCAAAAGTAGGAACATCTGTAGCTCGTCTT ATTGAAAAAGCAGGAGGATGCTTAGAAAAAGATTGTGAAGTGATAATGGGTGGTCC TATGACTGGGAAAATAGTTGATGTAAAGACTCCAATAACAAAAACTACAAAAGCTA TTATCGTTCTCCCAAAAGACCACCCTGTGATAACAAAGAGAAAGACAAACATAAGG ATAGGGTTAAAACGAGCAATGTCTGTTTGCTCTCAATGCCAAATGTGCACAGATCTA TGTCCTAGAAATTTATTAGGTCATTCCATCAAACCTCATAAAGTCATGAATGCAGTT GCAAATAGTATTATTGATGATACCGCTGCATATACGATGACAATGTTATGTTCTGAA TGTGGATTGTGCGAGATGTATTCATGTCATCAAAGTTTGTCGCCGAGAAAGATAATA AGCCAGATAAAGATAAAATTAAGGCAAAATGGTGTAAAAAATCCACACAACAAAAG ACCAGAAACAGCAAATGTCATGCGAGATGAGAGATTAGTGCCGATGGAAAGGCTTA TTTCAAGACTTTCGCTCAAAAAATACGATGTAGATGCTCCGATGAATTTTGATACTGT TATTCCTTCACATCACGTTGTCATGCAACTAAGTCAGCATGTTGGTGCCAAAGCGAT ACCTGTAGTAAAGGTAGGAGATATTGTGAAAGAAGGAGATCTGATAGGCGATGTGC CTAATAATAAGCTGGGTGCTAAATTGCATGCCAGTATTGACGGCATTATAATAGATG TAACTGATGACAGTATTGTTATCAAACCAAGAGGTGATTTTGATGGACAAAGCGATA GGATTGGTTGA or210 SEQ ID NO: 98: MDKAIGLVEYKSVATGITAADDMAKTADVEIIEAYTVCPGKYIVLLAGKLSAVN SAIEKGINQYSENVIDSFILGNPHETIYKAMSGTSVIEDVEALGIIETFSAASIILAADTAAK AAKVNLVEIRIARGMCGKSYLLLTGELAAVEASINAGCKALERTGMLLNKSIIPNPDRAI WDKII SEQ ID NO: 99: ATGGACAAAGCGATAGGATTGGTTGAATACAAATCAGTTGCTACAGGTATAA CTGCTGCTGATGACATGGCTAAAACTGCTGATGTGGAAATAATAGAAGCATATACAG TATGTCCGGGGAAATACATTGTTCTGTTAGCTGGGAAATTAAGTGCAGTTAATTCGG CGATAGAAAAGGGCATAAATCAGTATTCGGAAAATGTCATTGATAGCTTTATATTGG GAAATCCGCATGAAACAATATATAAAGCTATGAGTGGCACGTCTGTAATTGAAGAT GTAGAAGCACTTGGTATCATAGAGACATTTTCTGCAGCATCAATAATACTTGCAGCA GATACGGCTGCAAAAGCTGCAAAAGTGAATCTGGTAGAGATAAGAATAGCCAGAGG TATGTGCGGCAAGTCATATCTACTGCTTACAGGAGAACTTGCTGCTGTTGAAGCATC TATAAATGCAGGATGCAAAGCTTTGGAGAGAACGGGTATGCTTTTAAATAAGTCTAT AATACCCAATCCAGATAGAGCTATTTGGGATAAGATAATTTAA or209 SEQ ID NO: 100: MYEAEKDKILNDYYNAKEIYAKFDIDIDKVLDKMKKIRISLHCWQGDDVTGFEK SANGLSGGGILATGNWPGRARNGEELRQDIEKALSLIPGKHKINLHAIYAETDGEFVDRD EINVEHFRKWIYWAKENGLGLDFNPTFFSHPKANDGYTLSSKDENIRKFWIQHGKRCREI ANEIGRELKTQCVNNVWIPDGSKDLPANRIEHRKILKESLDEIFSVKYDKSNIVDSVESKL FGIGSESYVVGSHEFYMNYASRNDVMLCLDMGHFHPTENIADKISSILTFNDNLLIHVSR GVRWDSDHVVILNEDLLSLAKEIRRCDAYDKVYIALDFFDASINRIMAWVIGARATLKAI LISLLEPVHLLMEEENKGNFGARLALMEEFKTLPFYSVWNKYCMDENVPIGTSWIDDVK EYEKEIVKNRA SEQ ID NO: 101: ATGTATGAAGCAGAAAAAGATAAAATTTTAAATGATTATTATAATGCAAAAG AGATTTATGCAAAGTTTGACATAGATATTGATAAAGTATTAGATAAAATGAAGAAG ATTCGTATTTCACTTCACTGCTGGCAAGGCGATGATGTAACTGGATTCGAAAAAAGT GCCAATGGATTAAGCGGTGGAGGTATTTTGGCGACAGGAAACTGGCCTGGTAGAGC AAGAAATGGTGAAGAATTAAGGCAAGACATTGAAAAAGCCTTAAGCCTTATACCAG GCAAACACAAAATCAATTTACATGCCATTTACGCAGAAACGGATGGTGAATTTGTAG ACAGAGATGAAATAAACGTGGAGCATTTCAGGAAATGGATTTACTGGGCAAAAGAA AATGGCCTTGGCCTTGACTTCAATCCTACGTTTTTTTCGCATCCTAAAGCAAATGATG GCTATACGCTTTCAAGCAAAGATGAAAACATAAGAAAATTTTGGATCCAACATGGTA AAAGATGCCGTGAAATCGCAAATGAAATAGGAAGAGAGCTAAAAACTCAATGTGTG AATAATGTTTGGATTCCTGATGGTTCAAAAGATTTGCCTGCTAATAGGATTGAACAC AGAAAAATACTTAAAGAATCTTTAGATGAGATATTTTCAGTAAAATATGACAAATCA AATATCGTTGATTCTGTTGAAAGCAAATTATTTGGCATTGGATCTGAAAGCTATGTG GTTGGTTCACATGAGTTTTATATGAACTATGCGTCGAGAAATGATGTAATGCTGTGC CTTGATATGGGACATTTTCATCCTACTGAGAATATTGCTGATAAGATATCATCAATAC TTACATTCAATGACAATTTGTTGATTCATGTAAGCCGTGGTGTCCGGTGGGATAGCG ACCATGTAGTCATTTTAAATGAAGATTTGCTTTCATTAGCAAAAGAAATAAGAAGAT GTGATGCTTATGACAAAGTGTATATTGCATTAGATTTCTTTGATGCAAGCATAAATA GGATAATGGCATGGGTAATAGGTGCAAGAGCGACGCTAAAAGCCATATTAATATCA CTATTAGAGCCTGTGCATCTACTTATGGAAGAGGAGAATAAAGGAAATTTTGGTGCA AGACTTGCTTTGATGGAGGAATTCAAAACATTGCCATTTTACTCTGTTTGGAACAAA TACTGCATGGACGAAAATGTGCCTATTGGTACATCGTGGATTGATGATGTTAAAGAA TATGAAAAAGAAATTGTAAAAAATAGGGCTTAA or208 SEQ ID NO: 102: MKDIVYNLAFDFGASSGRLMLSAFDGEKITIEEIYRFPNEPVKLGQSFYWDFLRLF HELKNGLKIASKRKIKISGIGIDTWGVDYGLLDKNDQLISNPFHYRDKRTDGIIKDFENM ALLEEIYNVTGIQFMEFNTIFQLYCDYKKRPELLDNAKTLLFIPDLFNFYLTNEKYNEYTV ASTSQMLDANKKDWANDLIEKLNLPEGIFQKILMPGNTIGYLTKEIQEETGLSEVPVISVG SHDTASAVAGTPIENGSSAYLICGTWSLLGVESEKPIINENTKKYNFTNEGGVEGLIRLLK NINGLWIIQQLKQSWNSNGIKIGFPEISQMASKAEHEEFIINPDDKLFIAPDDMAEAIRQYC TKTGQGLPQNIGDIARAAYNGIVEQYKNCLNNLEDIVGQEIDNIHMVGGGIQDKFLCKLT ADVTGKKVITGPVEASIYGNVIVQLMALGYIKDLREGRKIIKNSIENDEEMFAK SEQ ID NO: 103: ATGAAAGATATTGTGTATAATCTGGCTTTTGATTTTGGAGCTTCAAGTGGCCG TCTTATGCTATCCGCGTTTGATGGCGAAAAAATCACAATTGAAGAGATTTATAGATT TCCAAATGAGCCAGTCAAGCTGGGACAATCATTTTATTGGGATTTTTTAAGGCTTTTT CACGAATTAAAAAACGGATTAAAAATAGCATCAAAGAGGAAAATCAAAATATCCGG CATTGGTATAGACACTTGGGGTGTCGATTATGGATTGCTTGATAAAAATGATCAATT GATTTCAAATCCTTTTCATTACAGAGATAAAAGAACGGATGGCATAATAAAAGATTT TGAAAATATGGCGTTACTGGAGGAAATCTACAACGTAACTGGTATACAGTTTATGGA ATTTAATACAATATTCCAATTGTATTGCGATTATAAAAAGCGTCCAGAATTATTGGA TAATGCAAAGACATTGTTGTTTATTCCAGATTTATTTAACTTTTATTTGACAAATGAG AAATACAATGAATATACTGTTGCATCCACATCGCAAATGTTGGATGCTAACAAGAAA GATTGGGCAAATGATCTTATAGAAAAGTTAAATTTGCCAGAAGGTATTTTTCAAAAG ATACTGATGCCAGGAAATACAATTGGTTATCTAACAAAAGAAATTCAAGAAGAAAC AGGATTGTCTGAAGTTCCCGTGATTTCTGTTGGCAGCCATGATACGGCATCAGCAGT TGCAGGTACACCTATTGAAAACGGTTCAAGTGCTTATTTGATTTGTGGTACTTGGTCA TTATTAGGTGTTGAAAGTGAAAAACCTATAATAAATGAAAATACAAAGAAGTACAA TTTTACAAATGAAGGCGGTGTCGAAGGCCTTATAAGGCTACTTAAAAATATTAATGG TCTGTGGATAATTCAGCAATTAAAACAAAGTTGGAATTCAAATGGCATTAAAATAGG ATTTCCAGAAATCAGCCAGATGGCATCTAAAGCAGAGCACGAAGAATTTATCATAA ATCCTGATGACAAATTGTTTATAGCTCCAGATGATATGGCTGAGGCGATAAGGCAAT ATTGTACAAAAACAGGACAGGGTTTGCCGCAGAATATTGGCGACATAGCAAGAGCC GCTTACAATGGTATAGTTGAACAATACAAAAATTGCTTAAACAATTTAGAAGATATT GTAGGGCAAGAAATAGATAATATTCACATGGTTGGTGGTGGGATACAGGATAAGTT CCTGTGCAAGCTGACTGCAGATGTTACAGGGAAAAAAGTCATAACAGGCCCTGTAG AAGCTTCAATCTATGGCAATGTGATAGTCCAGCTTATGGCATTGGGATATATAAAAG ACTTGAGAGAAGGAAGAAAGATAATAAAGAATTCTATAGAGAATGATGAAGAGATG TTTGCTAAATAG or207 SEQ ID NO: 104: VSNIYTLVVVEDEYEIRTGLVNCFPWNKMGFVVAEEFENGGECFEYLCKNKVDT ILCDIKMPVMSGIELAKKIFESNISTKIVIISGYTDFEYARQALRYGVKDYIVKPTKYNEIID VFSRIKKELDNENTKEILNNSCNNEIDQYSSIISIIEKYVDEHYRDVTLEDVAKVVYMNPY YLSKYFKQKTGMNFSDYITEVRMKKAVEFLKNPLYKTYEISYMIGYKNPKNFTRAFKKY YKKSPREFVNSAINFKE SEQ ID NO: 105: GTGTCTAATATTTATACGCTTGTAGTAGTAGAAGATGAATATGAGATAAGAA CAGGATTAGTTAACTGCTTTCCATGGAACAAAATGGGTTTTGTTGTTGCAGAAGAAT TTGAAAATGGAGGAGAATGTTTTGAGTATTTGTGTAAAAATAAGGTTGATACAATTT TATGTGATATAAAAATGCCAGTTATGTCTGGTATAGAGTTGGCAAAGAAAATTTTTG AAAGTAATATAAGCACTAAAATAGTTATAATCAGTGGTTATACTGATTTTGAATATG CCAGACAGGCGTTAAGATATGGTGTTAAAGATTATATAGTAAAACCTACTAAATATA ATGAAATAATTGATGTTTTCAGCAGAATAAAAAAAGAATTAGACAATGAAAATACA AAGGAAATATTGAATAACTCATGTAACAATGAAATTGATCAGTACAGCAGCATAATT TCAATCATAGAAAAATATGTTGATGAACATTACAGAGATGTGACATTGGAAGATGTA GCTAAAGTAGTTTATATGAATCCGTATTATTTAAGCAAATATTTTAAACAAAAAACC GGTATGAATTTTTCTGATTATATAACTGAGGTCAGAATGAAAAAAGCTGTAGAGTTT CTAAAAAATCCTTTGTATAAAACTTATGAAATAAGTTATATGATTGGATATAAAAAT CCAAAAAATTTTACTAGAGCATTTAAAAAATATTATAAAAAATCCCCAAGAGAATTT GTAAATTCAGCAATAAATTTTAAGGAATGA or206 SEQ ID NO: 106: MRELNNKFFYKNLFVLALPLILIVIVLGSFSILITERYVRDEIYKNSREILKQSSNDL SILFNDINKIYLTFGTNKDVTLYLERILNTNKYSLDDMWHLSMIESLFDSTSFSEPYIQSIY LYFNNPNKNFLVTGNGINSVTNYIDNKWYDSFLNAPKDEISWIEVRNLKMYSFDKKGIK VLSIYKKIANFNGDKIDGVLVLNIYLDYIENLLNTSTIFPDQKILILDAHDNLICQNINGNFT GKIDLDNYSKANIITKLESPNYNIKYVSIVPKKYLYEVPIKLLKMTLVLLLTSIFFVILITFRI TKRNYENVNKILKIIEAEKTNEIFPEIPVESRDEYSYIIYNIINSYIEKSQLKMELAEKKYKM KAMELLALQSQISPHFLSNALEIIYLRALSYTNGPNDVTKMIENLSQILKYLLSNPNETVT VKEEIENTKAYIQILKVRYRDKFKVNLIYDESILSCLMMKLMLQHLIENSIKHGLKKKNY EGSIKIKIKAVDKKKIKISVIDNGIGMSKERLNYVKRILDSDFDFYEHIGLMNTNERLKLL YGKDCEILIRSKLNIGTAV YIIFPYQLKNQNNDDYNK SEQ ID NO: 107: ATGAGAGAATTAAACAATAAATTTTTTTATAAAAATCTTTTTGTTTTGGCATT GCCATTAATTTTAATTGTTATTGTATTAGGTTCATTTTCAATATTAATAACAGAAAGA TATGTTAGAGATGAAATATACAAAAATAGTAGAGAAATATTAAAGCAAAGCAGTAA TGATTTGTCAATTTTATTTAATGATATAAATAAAATTTATTTAACATTTGGAACAAAC AAAGATGTGACATTGTATTTGGAAAGGATCTTAAATACAAATAAATATTCTTTAGAT GATATGTGGCATCTTAGCATGATAGAAAGTTTATTTGATTCTACGTCGTTTTCAGAAC CTTATATACAATCAATTTATTTGTATTTTAACAATCCTAATAAAAATTTTTTAGTGAC AGGAAATGGTATTAATTCTGTAACAAATTATATTGATAATAAATGGTATGACAGCTT TTTAAATGCACCAAAAGATGAGATTTCTTGGATAGAGGTTAGAAATTTAAAAATGTA TAGTTTCGATAAAAAGGGGATAAAAGTCCTAAGTATATACAAAAAAATTGCAAACT TTAACGGGGATAAAATTGATGGTGTGCTTGTACTAAATATATATTTGGACTATATTG AAAATTTGCTAAATACTTCAACAATATTTCCTGACCAAAAAATTCTTATATTAGATGC CCACGACAATTTAATATGTCAAAATATTAATGGGAATTTCACTGGGAAGATAGACTT AGATAATTATAGCAAAGCAAACATCATAACAAAATTAGAATCTCCAAATTATAATAT AAAATATGTATCTATTGTTCCTAAAAAATACCTTTATGAAGTTCCTATAAAGCTTTTA AAGATGACTTTAGTTTTACTTTTGACGTCAATTTTTTTTGTGATATTGATAACATTTAG AATCACTAAACGAAATTACGAAAATGTAAATAAAATATTAAAGATTATAGAGGCAG AAAAGACAAATGAGATATTTCCAGAAATTCCAGTAGAAAGTAGAGATGAGTACAGC TATATAATTTACAACATTATTAATAGTTATATTGAAAAAAGTCAATTGAAAATGGAA TTAGCAGAAAAGAAGTATAAAATGAAAGCAATGGAGTTATTAGCACTGCAATCGCA AATTAGTCCTCATTTTTTGTCTAATGCGTTGGAGATTATTTATCTTAGGGCATTGTCA TACACAAACGGTCCTAATGATGTCACAAAAATGATTGAAAATTTGTCACAGATTTTA AAGTATTTGTTAAGTAATCCAAATGAAACAGTAACTGTAAAAGAAGAAATTGAAAA TACAAAGGCATATATACAAATATTGAAGGTCAGGTATAGAGATAAATTTAAAGTAA ATCTAATTTATGATGAAAGTATTTTATCATGTCTCATGATGAAACTGATGCTGCAACA TTTAATAGAAAATTCTATAAAACATGGGCTTAAGAAGAAAAATTATGAAGGATCAA TAAAAATCAAAATAAAAGCAGTTGATAAAAAGAAAATAAAAATTTCAGTAATCGAT AATGGCATAGGAATGTCCAAAGAGAGGCTAAATTATGTAAAAAGAATTCTTGACTCT GACTTCGATTTTTATGAACATATTGGACTAATGAATACAAATGAACGGTTAAAACTT CTCTATGGGAAAGATTGTGAAATATTAATAAGAAGTAAATTGAATATTGGTACTGCC GTATATATAATTTTTCCATATCAATTAAAAAATCAGAATAATGATGATTATAATAAG TGA or205 SEQ ID NO: 108: MGINRYDLVKRHNVILEKADIENPLSVGNGEIAFTADITGMQTFIDDYKSIPLCTM SQWGFHTTPAQNDKGYYTLEDLNLKYYDAFDRKVGYVTSAENQENVFNWLRSNPHRI NLGNIGLNIILDDGTKAELKDIFEIHQVLDLWNGILISDFKVEKVPVHVETFCHPYEDMIN FSVESELLKQNKIYIEVKFPYGAANISGSDWDRNDRHDTNVVDYGRDFVELLRTVDEDV YFVKIEYSKGVYLNRIGENHFALKQKEYNGRIEFSCLFSKQKPLKCLHSFSESKRMCKEY WNSFWRGGGAIDFSKCEDKRAFELERRVILSQYLTAIQCSGSMPPQETGLTCNSWYGKF HLEMHWWHAVHFALWGRMPLLSRSIWWYRSIFNVSRDIARKQGYKGVRWPKMVGPD GRDSPSPIGPLLVWQQPHLIYYSELFFRENPTEETLDMFKDIVINTADFIASFVAYDRKND RYILAPPLIPAQENHDPNVTLNPVFELEYFSFALEIAVKWIERLGLNVNQEWNEIRFKLAN LPSKDGVYISHEKCINTYEKFNFDHPSMLAALGMLPGRKVDKETMRRTLHRVLKEWKF EEMWGWDFPMMAMTATRLGEPETAINILLMDSPKNTYMVNGHNNQIPNKELPVYLPG NGGLLAAM ALMTAGWDGNSQSTPGFPKNGMWNVEWEGLKAMI SEQ ID NO: 109 ATGGGAATTAACAGATATGATCTTGTAAAAAGGCATAATGTAATTTTGGAAA AAGCAGATATCGAAAATCCATTGTCAGTAGGTAATGGAGAAATTGCTTTTACAGCTG ATATAACGGGAATGCAAACTTTTATTGATGACTATAAGAGCATTCCTTTATGTACCA TGTCACAGTGGGGGTTTCATACTACGCCGGCACAGAATGATAAGGGCTATTATACTT TGGAAGATTTGAACCTCAAGTATTACGATGCATTTGACCGAAAGGTTGGATATGTAA CATCAGCAGAAAATCAAGAGAATGTATTTAATTGGTTGAGGAGTAATCCTCATAGAA TTAATTTAGGTAATATAGGATTAAATATAATTCTTGATGATGGCACAAAAGCAGAAT TGAAAGATATTTTCGAAATACACCAAGTATTAGATTTGTGGAACGGAATATTGATAA GTGACTTTAAAGTCGAAAAAGTCCCTGTTCACGTTGAGACTTTTTGCCATCCATATGA AGATATGATAAATTTTTCTGTTGAATCAGAACTGCTAAAACAAAATAAAATTTATAT TGAAGTAAAATTTCCATATGGTGCGGCCAATATATCAGGCTCCGATTGGGATAGAAA TGATAGACATGATACAAATGTGGTTGATTATGGCAGAGATTTTGTCGAATTATTGAG AACTGTCGATGAAGATGTTTATTTTGTAAAAATAGAGTACTCAAAAGGCGTTTATTT AAATAGAATCGGGGAAAATCATTTTGCATTAAAGCAAAAAGAGTATAATGGGAGAA TAGAATTTTCGTGCTTGTTTTCGAAGCAAAAACCTCTTAAGTGCTTGCATTCATTTAG TGAAAGCAAAAGGATGTGTAAAGAATATTGGAATAGCTTTTGGAGAGGAGGTGGTG CAATAGATTTTTCAAAGTGTGAGGATAAAAGAGCTTTTGAATTGGAGAGAAGGGTA ATACTTTCGCAATATCTTACAGCTATTCAATGTTCGGGTTCTATGCCGCCGCAAGAAA CAGGGCTCACCTGTAATAGCTGGTATGGTAAATTTCATTTGGAAATGCATTGGTGGC ATGCTGTACATTTTGCTTTATGGGGTAGAATGCCTTTGCTGAGTAGAAGTATATGGTG GTACAGGAGCATTTTCAATGTATCACGTGACATTGCGAGAAAGCAAGGATACAAAG GTGTACGCTGGCCTAAAATGGTTGGACCAGATGGAAGGGATAGCCCTTCTCCGATAG GACCATTGCTTGTTTGGCAGCAGCCTCATCTTATATATTACAGTGAACTGTTTTTTAG AGAAAATCCTACGGAAGAAACATTAGATATGTTTAAAGACATAGTAATTAATACTGC TGATTTTATTGCATCATTTGTTGCATATGATAGAAAAAATGATAGATATATACTTGCG CCACCTTTGATTCCAGCACAAGAAAATCATGATCCTAACGTTACATTAAATCCGGTA TTTGAATTGGAGTATTTTTCGTTTGCGCTGGAAATAGCAGTTAAATGGATTGAAAGG TTAGGACTAAATGTGAACCAAGAGTGGAATGAAATACGTTTTAAATTAGCTAATTTA CCTTCAAAAGACGGTGTATATATATCGCATGAAAAATGTATTAACACTTATGAGAAA TTTAATTTTGACCATCCATCTATGCTTGCAGCATTGGGGATGCTACCAGGCCGCAAG GTTGATAAAGAAACTATGAGAAGGACTTTACATAGAGTATTAAAAGAGTGGAAATT TGAGGAAATGTGGGGTTGGGATTTTCCGATGATGGCTATGACTGCAACAAGATTAGG CGAACCGGAGACAGCAATAAATATTCTTTTGATGGATTCACCAAAAAATACTTATAT GGTAAATGGCCATAATAACCAAATACCGAATAAAGAACTACCAGTATATTTGCCTGG AAATGGTGGACTATTGGCGGCAATGGCCCTCATGACAGCTGGTTGGGATGGGAATA GCCAAAGCACACCTGGATTTCCTAAAAATGGGATGTGGAATGTTGAATGGGAAGGG TTAAAAGCGATGATATGA or204 SEQ ID NO: 110: MIKRKDLYIRDPFVVPVPNEKIYYMFGTTDINCWNDEKATGFDYYKSSDLENFEG PFIAFRPDKNFIWDKNFWAPEVHKYNDMYYMFATFFADGRNRGTQILVSEKISGPYRPW SIEPVTPKDWMCLDGTFYVDENGEPWMIFCHEWVQIYDGEICAVRLSKDLKTTIGNPITL FKASSANWTRSIKKIKDHECYVTDGPFIYRSEEGKLYMLWSSFIENNIYAVGISLSRTGKI TGPWVHSENPIFAGDGGHGMIFKTFEGNLTLAVHTPNKRKEERPLFITLEKSVLNDTL SEQ ID NO: 111: ATGATAAAACGAAAGGATCTTTATATACGTGATCCATTTGTAGTTCCAGTACC GAATGAAAAAATATATTATATGTTTGGAACTACTGATATAAATTGCTGGAATGATGA GAAAGCAACTGGATTTGATTACTATAAATCATCTGATTTAGAAAATTTTGAAGGACC TTTTATTGCATTTAGACCAGATAAAAACTTTATTTGGGATAAAAATTTTTGGGCTCCA GAAGTGCACAAATACAATGACATGTATTATATGTTTGCTACATTTTTCGCTGATGGC AGAAATAGAGGAACGCAAATTTTAGTATCTGAAAAAATAAGTGGGCCATATAGACC ATGGAGTATTGAACCGGTGACGCCGAAGGATTGGATGTGTTTAGATGGGACTTTTTA TGTAGATGAGAATGGGGAACCCTGGATGATATTTTGCCATGAATGGGTACAAATATA TGATGGGGAAATTTGTGCTGTAAGATTGTCGAAAGATTTAAAAACAACGATAGGAA ATCCTATTACACTTTTTAAAGCTTCCAGTGCTAATTGGACAAGAAGTATTAAAAAGA TTAAAGATCATGAATGCTACGTTACGGATGGCCCTTTTATTTATAGGTCTGAAGAGG GAAAGCTTTATATGTTGTGGTCCAGTTTTATTGAAAACAATATATACGCTGTTGGTAT ATCATTATCGAGAACAGGCAAAATAACCGGCCCGTGGGTACACAGTGAAAATCCAA TTTTCGCAGGTGATGGTGGGCATGGTATGATATTTAAGACCTTTGAAGGGAATCTAA CATTGGCAGTACACACACCTAATAAAAGGAAAGAAGAACGGCCCCTTTTTATAACTT TAGAAAAATCTGTGCTTAATGATACCTTATAA or203 SEQ ID NO: 112: MFKKITSLLISLLLIISLVTGCSSSSNSSSSSKNSSENNTSPKTVTLRFMWWGGDAR HKATLDAISLYEKEHPNVKINAEYGGVTDYLQKLITQLSSGTAPDLIQIDVTWLQQLFSQ GDFFADLSKLKDINVNAFDQNFLKNYCYVNNKLIGLPTGINNSAMYINKDFFNKFGIDD KTVWTWDNLLQTAKMVHEKDKNAYLLDADSTICDYILVTYVGQKTGNQWVKDDYTL GFDKQTLTEAFKYLNDLFEVGAIEPFSQSAPYEGKPDQNPMWLNGQTGMLWNWSSIYA GVKANIKNLSLALPPIDPNAKQTGIVVRPSQLIAINKDSKNIDEAAKFLNWFFTNTDAIKT LKDVRGVPATADARKILSENNLLDSTLTDNANQAMEKMAPPENGISGNQELEKINTDIIQ ELAYKKITPEQAADELINTYKQKLPELKSQQ SEQ ID NO: 113: ATGTTTAAAAAAATTACATCTCTGTTAATATCGCTTCTTTTGATAATTTCATTA GTTACAGGATGTAGCAGTTCTTCGAATTCTTCGAGTTCATCGAAAAATAGTTCTGAA AATAATACCAGCCCAAAAACCGTAACATTAAGATTTATGTGGTGGGGTGGAGATGC CAGACATAAAGCAACACTTGATGCCATAAGTCTTTATGAAAAAGAACATCCCAATGT AAAGATTAATGCTGAATATGGCGGCGTTACTGACTATCTCCAAAAGCTGATAACTCA ATTAAGCAGTGGTACAGCACCTGATCTTATACAAATAGATGTAACATGGTTGCAGCA ACTTTTTAGCCAAGGTGATTTTTTTGCAGATTTAAGTAAGTTAAAAGATATCAATGTG AATGCATTTGATCAAAATTTTCTTAAAAATTATTGCTATGTCAACAATAAGTTGATAG GTTTGCCTACAGGAATAAACAATTCGGCAATGTATATTAACAAAGACTTTTTTAATA AATTTGGCATAGACGATAAGACGGTTTGGACATGGGATAATCTCTTGCAAACCGCTA AGATGGTGCATGAAAAGGATAAAAATGCTTATCTTTTAGATGCTGATTCTACTATTT GTGATTATATATTGGTCACATACGTGGGGCAAAAAACTGGAAATCAGTGGGTGAAA GATGATTACACTTTAGGTTTTGATAAACAAACATTGACAGAGGCATTCAAATATTTA AACGATTTGTTCGAAGTAGGCGCTATAGAGCCATTTTCTCAAAGTGCTCCATACGAA GGAAAACCTGATCAAAATCCTATGTGGCTTAATGGTCAAACGGGTATGCTTTGGAAC TGGTCATCTATATATGCTGGTGTAAAAGCAAACATAAAGAACCTGTCATTGGCATTG CCACCTATTGACCCTAATGCAAAACAGACAGGCATAGTTGTAAGACCATCACAGCTT ATTGCTATTAACAAGGATTCTAAAAATATCGATGAAGCAGCAAAATTTTTAAATTGG TTCTTTACGAATACAGATGCTATAAAAACACTTAAAGATGTCAGAGGAGTTCCAGCT ACCGCAGATGCACGCAAAATTTTATCAGAAAATAATTTGTTGGATTCGACTTTAACT GATAATGCAAATCAAGCTATGGAAAAGATGGCACCTCCTGAAAACGGTATAAGTGG TAATCAAGAGTTAGAAAAGATAAATACTGATATCATACAAGAACTGGCTTATAAAA AGATAACGCCAGAGCAGGCTGCTGATGAATTGATAAATACTTATAAACAGAAACTT CCAGAATTAAAAAGCCAGCAATAA or202 SEQ ID NO: 114: MSYNKKRNLMGYLYISPWIIGFLIFTLYPFAMTFIYSFCNYSITKSPVFIGLGNYIT MFTKDMYFWPSLINTIKYVLMTVPLKLCFALFVAMILNIDIKGVNVFRTTYYLPSIFGGS VALSVIWKFLFMDNGIMNKFLSYFHIHGPSWLGNPHISLFTISLLSVWEFGSSMVIFLAAL KQVPNELYEASMLDGASKIRRFFSITLPMISPVLLFNLVMQTINAFQEFTGPYVITGGGPM NSTYVYSMLIYDNAFRYFRMGYSSALSWILFLLILIVTVIIFKSSNTWVYYENGGR SEQ ID NO: 115: ATGAGTTATAATAAAAAGAGAAATTTGATGGGGTATTTATATATTAGTCCATG GATTATAGGCTTTTTAATATTTACTCTGTATCCATTTGCTATGACTTTTATCTATTCAT TTTGTAACTACAGTATTACAAAATCACCTGTATTTATTGGATTAGGCAATTATATAAC TATGTTTACTAAAGATATGTATTTTTGGCCATCTTTAATTAATACTATAAAATATGTA TTAATGACAGTTCCTTTAAAATTATGTTTTGCACTTTTTGTTGCAATGATCTTAAATAT TGATATTAAAGGAGTTAATGTGTTTAGAACAACTTATTATCTGCCTTCTATTTTTGGA GGAAGTGTTGCTTTATCTGTTATATGGAAATTTTTATTCATGGATAATGGTATTATGA ATAAATTTCTTTCATACTTTCATATACACGGGCCAAGTTGGCTTGGAAACCCACACAT ATCATTATTTACTATAAGTTTATTGTCAGTGTGGGAATTTGGGTCTTCTATGGTAATA TTTTTGGCAGCCCTAAAACAGGTCCCGAATGAGTTGTATGAAGCATCTATGTTAGAT GGTGCAAGCAAAATAAGAAGGTTTTTCTCAATAACTTTACCTATGATATCGCCTGTG CTATTATTTAATTTGGTTATGCAGACTATAAATGCTTTTCAGGAATTTACAGGTCCAT ACGTGATAACTGGTGGAGGACCGATGAACTCTACTTATGTGTACAGTATGTTGATTT ATGATAATGCGTTTAGGTATTTTAGGATGGGTTATTCATCTGCCTTGTCTTGGATTTT ATTTTTGTTAATATTGATTGTTACAGTTATAATATTTAAATCTTCAAATACATGGGTG TATTACGAAAATGGAGGTAGATGA or201 SEQ ID NO: 116: MKAKNSQNNDIIRKVFIYVFLVAFGIFMIYPLLWVFASSFKSNDEIFKSISLIPKHIV TNSYFEGWKGTGQYSFGTFILNSITLVVPVVVFTAISSTIVAYGFARFEFPLKTILFTLMIST MMLPGTAVLIPRYILFNWLGWINTYKPFIVPALFGTTPFFIFMMVQFLRGLPKELEESATI DGCNSFQILMKILIPLCKPAIISMCIFQFIWTWNDFFNPLIYINSVEKYTVSLGLNMTIDGTS VVNWNQIMAMTIISMIPSIIIFFSAQKYFVEGIATTGLKN SEQ ID NO: 117: ATGAAAGCAAAGAATAGTCAAAATAACGATATAATCAGAAAAGTATTTATAT ATGTTTTCTTGGTGGCTTTTGGTATTTTCATGATATATCCTTTACTTTGGGTTTTTGCA TCATCATTTAAATCAAATGATGAAATCTTTAAATCGATAAGCCTTATACCAAAACAC ATTGTGACAAATTCATATTTTGAAGGATGGAAAGGTACGGGACAATACTCTTTTGGT ACATTTATTTTAAACAGCATTACGCTTGTTGTACCTGTTGTTGTATTTACTGCTATATC ATCAACAATTGTAGCCTATGGATTTGCAAGATTTGAGTTTCCGCTTAAAACTATTTTG TTTACTTTGATGATATCTACTATGATGTTGCCGGGCACTGCAGTTTTGATACCAAGAT ATATATTGTTTAATTGGTTAGGCTGGATAAACACTTATAAACCATTTATTGTTCCCGC TTTGTTCGGAACAACGCCTTTTTTCATTTTTATGATGGTTCAATTTTTGAGAGGTCTTC CTAAAGAATTAGAAGAATCGGCTACAATTGATGGTTGCAATTCATTTCAAATACTTA TGAAGATTTTAATACCATTGTGTAAACCTGCAATTATTTCTATGTGTATATTTCAGTT CATTTGGACTTGGAATGACTTTTTTAATCCATTGATATATATCAACAGTGTAGAAAA ATATACAGTTTCTCTCGGGCTTAATATGACAATTGATGGGACTTCAGTTGTAAATTGG AACCAAATAATGGCAATGACAATTATTTCAATGATACCGAGCATCATAATATTTTTT TCAGCGCAAAAATACTTCGTTGAAGGTATTGCAACAACTGGATTAAAGAACTAA or200 SEQ ID NO: 118: MRYTDGKVHDITIAYIGGGSRGWAWNLMTDLAKEESISGTVKLYDIDYDAAHD NEIIGNALSMRQDVKGKWLYKACETLEESLKGADFVIISILPGTFDEMESDVHAPEKYGI YQSVGDTVGPGGIVRALRTIPMFVDIANAIKEHCPDAWVINYTNPMTLCVRTLYEIFPQI KAFGCCHEVFGTQKLLSRALQDIEGIENVPREEIKINVLGINHFTWIDNARYKDIDLMYV YKQFVNKYYESGFVSDANNNWMNNSFVSAERVKFDLFLRYGVIAAAGDRHLAEFVPG YWYLKDPETVREWMFGLTIVSWRKEDLKRRLERSKRLKTGEEKFELKETGEEGVRQIK ALLGLGDLVTNVNMPNHGQIEGIPYGAVVETNALFSGNKLKPVLSGKLPDNVNSLVLRQ VYNQETTLKAALKRDFDLAFSAFVNDPLVTISLKDAKKLFKEMLENTKKYLDGWKIKA SEQ ID NO: 119: ATGAGATATACAGATGGAAAGGTTCATGACATTACTATTGCTTATATCGGTGG TGGTTCAAGAGGATGGGCGTGGAATTTAATGACTGACTTAGCAAAAGAGGAAAGTA TTTCTGGTACAGTAAAGTTATACGACATAGATTACGATGCGGCACATGACAATGAGA TAATAGGCAATGCTTTATCAATGAGACAGGATGTTAAAGGCAAATGGCTTTATAAAG CTTGTGAGACGTTAGAAGAGTCACTAAAAGGTGCTGATTTTGTCATAATATCTATTTT GCCAGGTACGTTCGACGAGATGGAATCTGATGTTCATGCACCAGAAAAGTATGGCAT TTATCAGTCAGTAGGTGATACAGTAGGACCTGGTGGAATAGTCAGAGCTTTAAGGAC GATTCCGATGTTTGTGGACATTGCCAATGCGATTAAAGAGCATTGTCCAGATGCATG GGTCATAAATTATACAAATCCTATGACACTTTGTGTAAGGACATTGTATGAAATTTTC CCTCAAATTAAAGCATTTGGATGCTGCCATGAAGTTTTTGGCACACAGAAGCTATTA TCTCGTGCTCTGCAGGATATAGAAGGCATTGAAAATGTTCCGAGGGAAGAGATAAA GATAAATGTTTTAGGTATAAATCATTTTACGTGGATCGACAATGCAAGGTACAAAGA CATAGATTTAATGTATGTTTATAAACAATTTGTGAATAAGTACTATGAAAGCGGATT TGTCAGCGATGCTAACAATAATTGGATGAACAATTCATTTGTATCTGCAGAGAGAGT AAAGTTTGATCTGTTTTTGAGGTATGGAGTAATAGCTGCAGCGGGAGATAGACATCT GGCGGAATTTGTGCCGGGATATTGGTATTTAAAAGATCCAGAGACAGTCAGAGAAT GGATGTTTGGCTTAACGACTGTAAGTTGGAGAAAAGAAGACTTAAAACGCAGGCTT GAAAGAAGTAAAAGGCTTAAGACAGGTGAGGAAAAATTTGAGTTAAAGGAAACAG GCGAAGAAGGTGTTAGGCAAATTAAAGCACTATTAGGCTTAGGCGATTTAGTGACTA ATGTCAACATGCCGAACCATGGACAGATTGAAGGAATACGATACGGTGCGGTAGTT GAAACAAACGCTTTATTTTCAGGTAATAAACTAAAGCCTGTATTATCAGGAAAATTG CCTGACAATGTAAACAGCCTCGTGTTAAGGCAAGTATACAACCAAGAAACGACGTT GAAAGCTGCTTTAAAGAGAGATTTTGATTTGGCTTTTAGTGCTTTTGTAAATGATCCA CTTGTTACAATATCTTTAAAAGATGCAAAAAAATTATTTAAGGAAATGCTTGAAAAT ACGAAGAAATATCTAGATGGATGGAAAATAAAAGCTTGA

Non-Native Proteins

EC 2.3.1.9 C. acetobutylicum ThlA (SEQ ID NO: 120) MKEVVIASAVRTAIGSYGKSLKDVPAVDLGATAIKEAVKKAGIKPEDVN EVILGNVLQAGLGQNPARQASFKAGLPVEIPAMTINKVCGSGLRTVSLA AQIIKAGDADVIIAGGMENMSRAPYLANNARWGYRMGNAKFVDEMITDG LWDAFNDYHMGITAENIAERWNISREEQDEFALASQKKAEEAIKSGQFK DEIVPVVIKGRKGETVVDTDEHPRFGSTIEGLAKLKPAFKKDGTVTAGN ASGLNDCAAVLVIMSAEKAKELGVKPLAKIVSYGSAGVDPAIMGYGPFY ATKAAIEKAGWTVDELDLIESNEAFAAQSLAVAKDLKFDMNKVNVNGGA IALGHPIGASGARILVTLVHAMQKRDAKKGLATLCIGGGQGTAILLEKC EC 2.8.3.8 C. acetobutylicum CtfAB CtfA (SEQ ID NO: 121) MNSKIIRFENLRSFFKDGMTIMIGGFLNCGTPTKLIDFLVNLNIKNLTI ISNDTCYPNTGIGKLISNNQVKKLIASYIGSNPDTGKKLFNNELEVELS PQGTLVERIRAGGSGLGGVLTKTGLGTLIEKGKKKISINGTEYLLELPL TADVALIKGSIVDEAGNTFYKGTTKNFNPYMAMAAKTVIVEAENLVSCE KLEKEKAMTPGVLINYIVKEPA CtfB (SEQ ID NO: 122) MINDKNLAKEIIAKRVARELKNGQLVNLGVGLPTMVADYIPKNFKITFQ SENGIVGMGASPKINEADKDVVNAGGDYTTVLPDGTFFDSSVSFSLIRG GHVDVTVLGALQVDEKGNIANWIVPGKMLSGMGGAMDLVNGAKKVIIAM RHTNKGQPKILKKCTLPLTAKSQANLIVTELGVIEVINDGLLLTEINKN TTIDEIRSLTAADLLISNELRPMAV EC 4.1.1.4 C. acetobutylicum Adc, Aad Adc (SEQ ID NO: 123) MLKDEVIKQISTPLTSPAFPRGPYKFHNREYFNIVYRTDMDALRKVVPE PLEIDEPLVRFEIMAMHDTSGLGCYTESGQAIPVSFNGVKGDYLHMMYL DNEPAIAVGRELSAYPKKLGYPKLFVDSDTLVGTLDYGKLRVATATMGY KHKALDANEAKDQICRPNYMLKIIPNYDGSPRICELINAKITDVTVHEA WTGPTRLQLFDHAMAPLNDLPVKEIVSSSHILADIILPRAEVIYDYLK Aad (SEQ ID NO: 124) MLKDEVIKQISTPLTSPAFPRGPYKFHNREYFNIVYRTDMDALRKVVPE PLEIDEPLVRFEIMAMHDTSGLGCYTESGQAIPVSFNGVKGDYLHMMYL DNEPAIAVGRELSAYPKKLGYPKLFVDSDTLVGTLDYGKLRVATATMGY KHKALDANEAKDQICRPNYMLKIIPNYDGSPRICELINAKITDVTVHEA WTGPTRLQLFDHAMAPLNDLPVKEIVSSSHILADIILPRAEVIYDYLK EC 1.2.1.43 Formate dehydrogenase (M. thermoacetica) Moth_2312 (SEQ ID NO: 125) MVNLTIDGQRVTAPEGMTILEVARENGIHIPTLCHHPKLRPLGYCRLCL VDIEGAAKPMTACNTPVAEGMVIRTSTPVIEEMRKGIIEMLLSLHPEDC LTCEKAGNCQLQDCAYTYGVKHGELPVKREELPVLKENPFIVRDYNKCI VCGRCVRACQEVQVQRVVDLVGKGSAARVGATKAGAEVSLEEGGCVFCG NCVQVCPVGALTEKAGLGQGREWEFKKVRSICSYCGVGCNLTLYVKDGK VVKVRGYENPEVNNGWLCVKGRFGFDYIHNPDRITRPLIREGDREKGYF REASWEEALALVSQKLTQIKGSYGSEALGFLCSAKCTNEENYLLQKLAR GVLGTNNVDHCARLHSSTVAGLATTFGSGAMTNSIADIASADCIFVIGS NTTENHPVIALKVKEAVRRGARLIVADPRRIELVNFSYLWLRQKPGTDL ALLNGLLHVIIKEELYDKEFIAQRTEGFEALKLAVEEYTPAKVSEVTGV PAGDIIEAARTYARGPSSTILYAMGITQHITGTANVMALANLAMACGQV GKEGSGVNPLRGQSNVQGACDMGGLPNVLPGYQPVTDPGVRHKFSEAWG VPDLPGEPGLTLMEMMAAAQEGKLKGMYILGENPVLTDPDVSHVKEALK NLEFLVVQDIFLTETARMADVVLPGASFAEKEGTFTSTERRVQLLHKAI EPPGEARPDWLILNDLLLLMGYPRKYSSPGEIMQEIAGLTPSYAGITYE RLEDKGLQWPVLSLEHPGTPVLHREKFSRGYGQFQVVHYRPPAEEPDEE YPFLFTTGRNLYHYHTVISRKSRGLEEMCPAPVVEINDNDAARLGIREG EMIEIVSRRGKVRVKALVTDRIPRGQVFMNFHFHEAAANLLTIAALDPV AKIPEYKTCAVAIKVKK

Proteins Sequences for Saccharomyces cerevisae Engineering

EC 4.2.3.3 Oryza sativa - mgs (SEQ ID NO: 126) MELTTRTIAERKHIALVAHDHRKQALLEWVESHKTILAQHQLYATGTTGNLIQR ASGIPVTSMLSGPMGGDQQVGALIAEGKIDMLIFFWDPLNAVPHDPDVKALLRLATVW NIPVATNRSTADFLIDSPLFKSEVAIAIPDYQRYLQDRLK EC 2.3.1.8 T. saccharolyticum - or1741 (SEQ ID NO: 127) MKTSELLAMVVEKGASDLHITVGVPPVLRINGQLIKLNLPQLTPQDTEEITKDLLS SDELKKLEDMGDIDLSYSVKGLGRFRINAYKQRGTYSLAIRSVALRIPTIDELGLPEVIKE LALKTRGLIIVTGPTGSGKSTTLASMIDLINEERNCHILTLEDPIEYLHKHKKSIVNQREIG HDAASYASALRAALREDPDVILVGEMRDLETIQIAITAAETGHLVLSTLHTIGSAKTIDRII DVFPPHQQQQIKVQLSNVLEGIVSQQLLPKIDNSGRVVAVEVMIATPAIRNLIREGKSFQI QSMVQTGNKFGMVTMDMWISQLLKRNLISMDDALTYCVDRENFSRLVV EC 1.1.1.6 Pseudomonas putida gldA (SEQ ID NO: 128) MDRAIQSPGKYVQGADALQRLGDYLKPLADSWLVIADKFVLGFAEDTIRQSLSK AGLAMDIVAFNGECSQGEVDRLCQLATQNGRSAIVGIGGGKTLDTAKAVAFFQKVPVA VAPTIASTDAPCSALSVLYTDEGEFDRYLMLPTNPALVVVDTAIVARAPARLLAAGIGDA LATWFEARAASRSSAATMAGGPATQTALNLARFCYDTLLEEGEKAMLAVQAQVVTPA LERIVEANTYLSGVGFESGGVAAAHAVHNGLTAVAETHHFYHGEKVAFGVLVQLALEN ASNAEMQEVMSLCHAVGLPITLAQLDITEDIPTKMRAVAELACAPGETIHNMPGGVTVE QVYGALLVADQLGQHFLEF EC 2.7.2.1 T. saccharolyticum or1742 (SEQ ID NO: 129) MIKKKLGDLLVEVGLLDESQLNNAIKIQKKTGEKLGKILVKEGYLTEEQIIEALEF QLGIPHIDMKKVFIDANVAKLIPESMAKRHVAIPIKKENNSIFVAMADPLNIFAIDDIKLVT KLDVKPLIASEDGILKAIDRVFGKEEAERAVQDFKKELSHDSAEDDGNLLRDISEDEINN APAVRLVNSIIEQAVKNRASDVHIEPTENDLRIRFRIDGELHEAMRVFKSTQGPVITRIKIM ANMNIAERRIPQDGKIEMNAGGKNIDIRVSSLPTIYGEKLVLRILDKSGYIITKDKLGLGN DDLKLFDNLLKHPNGIILLTGPTGSGKTTTLYAMLNELNKPDKNIITVEDPVEYTLEGLN QVQVNEKAGLTFASALRSILRQDPDIIMIGEIRDRETAEIAIRSSITGHLVLSTLHTNDSAG AITRLIDMGIEPYLVSSSVVGVIAQRLARKICDNCKIEYDASKREKIILGIDADESLKLYRS KGCAVCNKTGYRGRVPIYEIMMMTPKIKELTNEKAPADVILNEAVSNGMSTLKESAKKL VLSGVTTVDEMLRLTYDDAY EC 2.8.3.8 C. acetobutylicum CtfAB CtfA (SEQ ID NO: 130) MNSKIIRFENLRSFFKDGMTIMIGGFLNCGTPTKLIDFLVNLNIKNLTIISNDTCYPN TGIGKLISNNQVKKLIASYIGSNPDTGKKLFNNELEVELSPQGTLVERIRAGGSGLGGVLT KTGLGTLIEKGKKKISINGTEYLLELPLTADVALIKGSIVDEAGNTFYKGTTKNFNPYMA MAAKTVIVEAENLVSCEKLEKEKAMTPGVLINYIVKEPA CtfB (SEQ ID NO: 131) MINDKNLAKEIIAKRVARELKNGQLVNLGVGLPTMVADYIPKNFKITFQSENGIV GMGASPKINEADKDVVNAGGDYTTVLPDGTFEDSSVSFSLIRGGHVDVTVLGALQVDE KGNIANWIVPGKMLSGMGGAMDLVNGAKKVIIAMRHTNKGQPKILKKCTLPLTAKSQA NLIVTELGVIEVINDGLLLTEINKNTTIDEIRSLTAADLLISNELRPMAV EC 4.1.1.4 C. acetobutylicum - Adc (SEQ ID NO: 132) MLKDEVIKQISTPLTSPAFPRGPYKFHNREYFNIVYRTDMDALRKVVPEPLEIDEP LVRFEIMAMHDTSGLGCYTESGQAIPVSFNGVKGDYLHMMYLDNEPAIAVGRELSAYP KKLGYPKLFVDSDTLVGTLDYGKLRVATATMGYKHKALDANEAKDQICRPNYMLKIIP NYDGSPRICELINAKITDVTVHEAWTGPTRLQLFDHAMAPLNDLPVKEIVSSSHILADIILP RAEVIYDYLK EC 2.3.1.54 Escherichia coli - pflA (SEQ ID NO: 133) MSVIGRIHSFESCGTVDGPGIRFITFFQGCLMRCLYCHNRDTWDTHGGKEVTVED LMKEVVTYRHFMNASGGGVTASGGEAILQAEFVRDWFRACKKEGIHTCLDTNGFVRRY DPVIDELLEVTDLVMLDLKQMNDEIHQNLVGVSNHRTLEFAKYLANKNVKVWIRYVVV PGWSDDDDSAHRLGEFTRDMGNVEKIELLPYHELGKHKWVAMGEEYKLDGVKPPKKE TMERVKGILEQYGHKVMF EC 2.3.1.54 Escherichia coli - pflB (SEQ ID NO: 134) MSELNEKLATAWEGFTKGDWQNEVNVRDFIQKNYTPYEGDESFLAGATEATTT LWDKVMEGVKLENRTHAPVDFDTAVASTITSHDAGYINKQLEKIVGLQTEAPLKRALIP FGGIKMIEGSCKAYNRELDPMIKKIFTEYRKTHNQGVFDVYTPDILRCRKSGVLTGLPDA YGRGRIIGDYRRVALYGIDYLMKDKLAQFTSLQADLENGVNLEQTIRLREEIAEQHRAL GQMKEMAAKYGYDISGPATNAQEAIQWTYFGYLAAVKSQNGAAMSFGRTSTFLDVYIE RDLKAGKITEQEAQEMVDHLVMKLRMVRFLRTPEYDELFSGDPIWATESIGGMGLDGR TLVTKNSFRFLNTLYTMGPSPEPNMTILWSEKLPLNFKKFAAKVSIDTSSLQYENDDLMR PDFNNDDYAIACCVSPMIVGKQMQFFGARANLAKTMLYAINGGVDEKLKMQVGPKSEP IKGDVLNYDEVMERMDHFMDWLAKQYITALNIIHYMHDKYSYEASLMALHDRDVIRT MACGIAGLSVAADSLSAIKYAKVKPIRDEDGLAIDFEIEGEYPQFGNNDPRVDDLAVDLV ERFMKKIQKLHTYRDAIPTQSVLTITSNVVYGKKTGNTPDGRRAGAPFGPGANPMHGRD QKGAVASLTSVAKLPFAYAKDGISYTFSIVPNALGKDDEVRKTNLAGLMDGYFHHEASI EGGQHLNVNVMNREMLLDAMENPEKYPQLTIRVSGYAVRFNSLTKEQQQDVITRTFTQ SM EC 2.3.1.9 Saccharomyces cerevisiae ERG10 (SEQ ID NO: 135) MSQNVYIVSTARTPIGSFQGSLSSKTAVELGAVALKGALAKVPELDASKDFDEIIF GNVLSANLGQAPARQVALAAGLSNHIVASTVNKVCASAMKAIILGAQSIKCGNADVVV AGGCESMTNAPYYMPAARAGAKFGQTVLVDGVERDGLNDAYDGLAMGVHAEKCARD WDITREQQDNFAIESYQKSQKSQKEGKFDNEIVPVTIKGFRGKPDTQVTKDEEPARLHVE KLRSARTVFQKENGTVTAANASPINDGAAAVILVSEKVLKEKNLKPLAIIKGWGEAAHQ PADFTWAPSLAVPKALKHAGIEDINSVDYFEFNEAFSVVGLVNTKILKLDPSKVNVYGG AVALGHPLGCSGARVVVTLLSILQQEGGKIGVAAICNGGGGASSIVIEKI EC 1.1.1.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADH1 (SEQ ID NO: 136) MSIPETQKGVIFYESHGKLEYKDIPVPKPKANELLINVKYSGVCHTDLHAWHGD WPLPVKLPLVGGHEGAGVVVGMGENVKGWKIGDYAGIKWLNGSCMACEYCELGNES NCPHADLSGYTHDGSFQQYATADAVQAAHIPQGTDLAQVAPILCAGITVYKALKSANL MAGHWVAISGAAGGLGSLAVQYAKAMGYRVLGIDGGEGKEELFRSIGGEVFIDFTKEK DIVGAVLKATDGGAHGVINVSVSEAAIEASTRYVRANGTTVLVGMPAGAKCCSDVFNQ VVKSISIVGSYVGNRADTREALDFFARGLVKSPIKVVGLSTLPEIYEKMEKGQIVGRYVV DTSK EC 1.1.1.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADH2 (SEQ ID NO: 137) MSIPETQKAIIFYESNGKLEHKDIPVPKPKPNELLINVKYSGVCHTDLHAWHGDW PLPTKLPLVGGHEGAGVVVGMGENVKGWKIGDYAGIKWLNGSCMACEYCELGNESNC PHADLSGYTHDGSFQEYATADAVQAAHIPQGTDLAEVAPILCAGITVYKALKSANLRAG HWAAISGAAGGLGSLAVQYAKAMGYRVLGIDGGPGKEELFTSLGGEVFIDFTKEKDIVS AVVKATNGGAHGIINVSVSEAAIEASTRYCRANGTVVLVGLPAGAKCSSDVFNHVVKSI SIVGSYVGNRADTREALDFFARGLVKSPIKVVGLSSLPEIYEKMEKGQIAGRYVVDTSK EC 1.1.1.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADH3 (SEQ ID NO: 138) MLRTSTLFTRRVQPSLFSRNILRLQSTAAIPKTQKGVIFYENKGKLHYKDIPVPEPK PNEILINVKYSGVCHTDLHAWHGDWPLPVKLPLVGGHEGAGVVVKLGSNVKGWKVGD LAGIKWLNGSCMTCEFCESGHESNCPDADLSGYTHDGSFQQFATADAIQAAKIQQGTDL AEVAPILCAGVTVYKALKEADLKAGDWVAISGAAGGLGSLAVQYATAMGYRVLGIDA GEEKEKLFKKLGGEVFIDFTKTKNMVSDIQEATKGGPHGVINVSVSEAAISLSTEYVRPC GTVVLVGLPANAYVKSEVFSHVVKSINIKGSYVGNRADTREALDFFSRGLIKSPIKIVGLS ELPKVYDLMEKGKILGRYVVDTSK EC 1.1.1.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADH4 (SEQ ID NO: 139) MSSVTGFYIPPISFFGEGALEETADYIKNKDYKKALIVTDPGIAAIGLSGRVQKML EERDLNVAIYDKTQPNPNIANVTAGLKVLKEQNSEIVVSIGGGSAHDNAKAIALLATNG GEIGDYEGVNQSKKAALPLFAINTTAGTASEMTRFTIISNEEKKIKMAIIDNNVTPAVAVN DPSTMFGLPPALTAATGLDALTHCIEAYVSTASNPITDACALKGIDLINESLVAAYKDGK DKKARTDMCYAEYLAGMAFNNASLGYVHALAHQLGGFYHLPHGVCNAVLLPHVQEA NMQCPKAKKRLGEIALHFGASQEDPEETIKALHVLNRTMNIPRNLKELGVKTEDFEILAE HAMHDACHLTNPVQFTKEQVVAIIKKAYEY EC 1.1.1.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADH5 (SEQ ID NO: 140) MPSQVIPEKQKAIVFYETDGKLEYKDVTVPEPKPNEILVHVKYSGVCHSDLHAW HGDWPFQLKFPLIGGHEGAGVVVKLGSNVKGWKVGDFAGIKWLNGTCMSCEYCEVGN ESQCPYLDGTGFTHDGTFQEYATADAVQAAHIPPNVNLAEVAPILCAGITVYKALKRAN VIPGQWVTISGACGGLGSLAIQYALAMGYRVIGIDGGNAKRKLFEQLGGEIFIDFTEEKDI VGAIIKATNGGSHGVINVSVSEAAIEASTRYCRPNGTVVLVGMPAHAYCNSDVFNQVVK SISIVGSCVGNRADTREALDFFARGLIKSPIHLAGLSDVPEIFAKMEKGEIVGRYVVETSK EC 1.1.1.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADH6 (SEQ ID NO: 141) MSYPEKFEGIAIQSHEDWKNPKKTKYDPKPFYDHDIDIKIEACGVCGSDIHCAAG HWGNMKMPLVVGHEIVGKVVKLGPKSNSGLKVGQRVGVGAQVFSCLECDRCKNDNEP YCTKFVTTYSQPYEDGYVSQGGYANYVRVHEHFVVPIPENIPSHLAAPLLCGGLTVYSPL VRNGCGPGKKVGIVGLGGIGSMGTLISKAMGAETYVISRSSRKREDAMKMGADHYIAT LEEGDWGEKYFDTFDLIVVCASSLTDIDFNIMPKAMKVGGRIVSISIPEQHEMLSLKPYGL KAVSISYSALGSIKELNQLLKLVSEKDIKIWVETLPVGEAGVHEAFERMEKGDVRYRFTL VGYDKEFSD EC 1.1.1.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae ADH7 (SEQ ID NO: 142) MLYPEKFQGIGISNAKDWKHPKLVSFDPKPFGDHDVDVEIEACGICGSDFHIAVG NWGPVPENQILGHEIIGRVVKVGSKCHTGVKIGDRVGVGAQALACFECERCKSDNEQYC TNDHVLTMWTPYKDGYISQGGFASHVRLHEHFAIQIPENIPSPLAAPLLCGGITVFSPLLR NGCGPGKRVGIVGIGGIGHMGILLAKAMGAEVYAFSRGHSKREDSMKLGADHYIAMLE DKGWTEQYSNALDLLVVCSSSLSKVNFDSIVKIMKIGGSIVSIAAPEVNEKLVLKPLGLM GVSISSSAIGSRKEIEQLLKLVSEKNVKIWVEKLPISEEGVSHAFTRMESGDVKYRFTLVD YDKKFHK EC 1.1.1.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae BDH2 (SEQ ID NO: 143) MRALAYFGKGNIRFTNHLKEPHIVAPDELVIDIEWCGICGTDLHEYTDGPIFFPED GHTHEISHNPLPQAMGHEMAGTVLEVGPGVKNLKVGDKVVVEPTGTCRDRYRWPLSP NVDKEWCAACKKGYYNICSYLGLCGAGVQSGGFAERVVMNESHCYKVPDFVPLDVAA LIQPLAVCWHAIRVCEFKAGSTALIIGAGPIGLGTILALNAAGCKDIVVSEPAKVRRELAE KMGARVYDPTAHAAKESIDYLRSIADGGDGFDYTFDCSGLEVTLNAAIQCLTFRGTAVN LAMWGHHKIQFSPMDITLHERKYTGSMCYTHHDFEAVIEALEEGRIDIDRARHMITGRV NIEDGLDGAIMKLINEKESTIKIILTPNNHGELNREADNEKKEISELSSRKDQERLRESINE AKLRHT EC 1.1.1.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae SFA1 (SEQ ID NO: 144) MSAATVGKPIKCIAAVAYDAKKPLSVEEITVDAPKAHEVRIKIEYTAVCHTDAYT LSGSDPEGLFPCVLGHEGAGIVESVGDDVITVKPGDHVIALYTAECGKCKFCTSGKTNLC GAVRATQGKGVMPDGTTRFHNAKGEDIYHFMGCSTFSEYTVVADVSVVAIDPKAPLDA ACLLGCGVTTGFGAALKTANVQKGDTVAVFGCGTVGLSVIQGAKLRGASKIIAIDINNK KKQYCSQFGATDFVNPKEDLAKDQTIVEKLIEMTDGGLDFTFDCTGNTKIMRDALEACH KGWGQSIIIGVAAAGEEISTRPFQLVTGRVWKGSAFGGIKGRSEMGGLIKDYQKGALKV EEFITHRRPFKEINQAFEDLHNGDCLRTVLKSDEIK EC 1.1.1.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae YPL088W (SEQ ID NO: 145) MVLVKQVRLGNSGLKISPIVIGCMSYGSKKWADWVIEDKTQIFKIMKHCYDKGL RTFDTADFYSNGLSERIIKEFLEYYSIKRETVVIMTKIYFPVDETLDLHHNFTLNEFEELDL SNQRGLSRKHIIAGVENSVKRLGTYIDLLQIHRLDHETPMKEIMKALNDVVEAGHVRYIG ASSMLATEFAELQFTADKYGWFQFISSQSYYNLLYREDERELIPFAKRHNIGLLPWSPNA RGMLTRPLNQSTDRIKSDPTFKSLHLDNLEEEQKEIINRVEKVSKDKKVSMAMLSIAWVL HKGCHPIVGLNTTARVDEAIAALQVTLTEEEIKYLEEPYKPQRQRC* EC 4.1.2.13 Saccharomyces cerevisiae FBA1 (SEQ ID NO: 146) MGVEQILKRKTGVIVGEDVHNLFTYAKEHKFAIPAINVTSSSTAVAALEAARDSK SPIILQTSNGGAAYFAGKGISNEGQNASIKGAIAAAHYIRSIAPAYGIPVVLHSDHCAKKL LPWFDGMLEADEAYFKEHGEPLFSSHMLDLSEETDEENISTCVKYFKRMAAMDQWLEM EIGITGGEEDGVNNENADKEDLYTKPEQVYNVYKALHPISPNFSIAAAFGNCHGLYAGDI ALRPEILAEHQKYTREQVGCKEEKPLFLVFHGGSGSTVQEFHTGIDNGVVKVNLDTDCQ YAYLTGIRDYVLNKKDYIMSPVGNPEGPEKPNKKFFDPRVWVREGEKTMGAKITKSLET FRTTNTL EC 5.3.1.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae TPI1 (SEQ ID NO: 147) MARTFFVGGNFKLNGSKQSIKEIVERLNTASIPENVEVVICPPATYLDYSVSLVKK PQVTVGAQNAYLKASGAFTGENSVDQIKDVGAKWVILGHSERRSYFHEDDKFIADKTK FALGQGVGVILCIGETLEEKKAGKTLDVVERQLNAVLEEVKDWTNVVVAYEPVWAIGT GLAATPEDAQDIHASIRKFLASKLGDKAASELRILYGGSANGSNAVTFKDKADVDGFLV GGASLKPEFVDIINSRN EC 1.2.1.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae FDH1 (SEQ ID NO: 148) MSKGKVLLVLYEGGKHAEEQEKLLGCIENELGIRNFIEEQGYELVTTIDKDPEPTS TVDRELKDAEIVITTPFFPAYISRNRIAEAPNLKLCVTAGVGSDHVDLEAANERKITVTEV TGSNVVSVAEHVMATILVLIRNYNGGHQQAINGEWDIAGVAKNEYDLEDKIISTVGAGR IGYRVLERLVAFNPKKLLYYDYQELPAEAINRLNEASKLFNGRGDIVQRVEKLEDMVAQ SDVVTINCPLHKDSRGLFNKKLISHMKDGAYLVNTARGAICVAEDVAEAVKSGKLAGY GGDVWDKQPAPKDHPWRTMDNKDHVGNAMTVHISGTSLDAQKRYAQGVKNILNSYF SKKFDYRPQDIIVQNGSYATRAYGQKK EC 1.1.1.21 Saccharomyces cerevisiae GRE3 (SEQ ID NO: 149) MSSLVTLNNGLKMPLVGLGCWKIDKKVCANQIYEAIKLGYRLFDGACDYGNEK EVGEGIRKAISEGLVSRKDIFVVSKLWNNFHHPDHVKLALKKTLSDMGLDYLDLYYIHF PIAFKYVPFEEKYPPGFYTGADDEKKGHITEAHVPIIDTYRALEECVDEGLIKSIGVSNFQ GSLIQDLLRGCRIKPVALQIEHHPYLTQEHLVEFCKLHDIQVVAYSSFGPQSFIEMDLQLA KTTPTLFENDVIKKVSQNHPGSTTSQVLLRWATQRGIAVIPKSSKKERLLGNLEIEKKFTL TEQELKDISALNANIRFNDPWTWLDGKFPTFA EC 1.1.1.79 Saccharomyces cerevisiae GOR1 (SEQ ID NO: 150) MSKKPIVLKLGKDAFGDQAWGELEKIADVITIPESTTREQFLREVKDPQNKLSQV QVITRTARSVKNTGRFDEELALALPSSVVAVCHTGAGYDQIDVEPFKKRHIQVANVPDL VSNATADTHVFLLLGALRNFGIGNRRLIEGNWPEAGPACGSPFGYDPEGKTVGILGLGRI GRCILERLKPFGFENFIYHNRHQLPSEEEHGCEYVGFEEFLKRSDIVSVNVPLNHNTHHLI NAETIEKMKDGVVIVNTARGAVIDEQAMTDALRSGKIRSAGLDVFEYEPKISKELLSMSQ VLGLPHMGTHSVETRKKMEELVVENAKNVILTGKVLTIVPELQNEDWPNESKPLV EC 1.1.1.79 Saccharomyces cerevisiae YPL113C (SEQ ID NO: 151) MITSIDIADVTYSAKPRILVPYKTQWEVASHLPEYRKLAERVEFYKYEMSTKDDF VKFLETHRINGFWLTEEFFTVLGNPSSYIEFFPASLKVILVPWVGCDFIDGKLLRSKGITLC NIGPHAADHVTELAIFLAISCFRMTSFWEYCFKYVENGNVEQCKKYISSDSYEIVTDSYH GQEMKFPSRTDKCKPNKDRKVVHLAEKYTVGGKKMESPMNKKVLILGFGSIGQNIGSN LHKVFNMSIEYYKRTGPVQKSLLDYNAKYHSDLDDPNTWKNADLIILALPSTASTNNIIN RKSLAWCKDGVRIVNVGRGTCIDEDVLLDALESGKVASCGLDVFKNEETRVKQELLRR WDVTALPHIGSTVADMVIKQTLITLENVQDIFVEGGDGKYVLN EC 1.2.1.49 Saccharomyces cerevisiae GCY1 (SEQ ID NO: 152) MPATLHDSTKILSLNTGAQIPQIGLGTWQSKENDAYKAVLTALKDGYRHIDTAAI YRNEDQVGQAIKDSGVPREEIFVTTKLWCTQHHEPEVALDQSLKRLGLDYVDLYLMHW PARLDPAYIKNEDILSVPTKKDGSRAVDITNWNFIKTWELMQELPKTGKTKAVGVSNFSI NNLKDLLASQGNKLTPAANQVEIHPLLPQDELINFCKSKGIVVEAYSPLGSTDAPLLKEP VILEIAKKNNVQPGHVVISWHVQRGYVVLPKSVNPDRIKTNRKIFTLSTEDFEAINNISKE KGEKRVVHPNWSPFEVFK EC 1.2.1.49 Saccharomyces cerevisiae ALD2 (SEQ ID NO: 153) MPTLYTDIEIPQLKISLKQPLGLFINNEFCPSSDGKTIETVNPATGEPITSFQAANEK DVDKAVKAARAAFDNVWSKTSSEQRGIYLSNLLKLIEEEQDTLAALETLDAGKPYSNAK GDLAQILQLTRYFAGSADKFDKGATIPLTFNKFAYTLKVPFGVVAQIVPWNYPLAMAC WKLQGALAAGNTVIIKPAENTSLSLLYFATLIKKAGFPPGVVNIVPGYGSLVGQALASH MDIDKISFTGSTKVGGFVLEASGQSNLKDVTLECGGKSPALVFEDADLDKAIDWIAAGIF YNSGQNCTANSRVYVQSSIYDKFVEKFKETAKKEWDVAGKFDPFDEKCIVGPVISSTQY DRIKSYIERGKREEKLDMFQTSEFPIGGAKGYFIPPTIFTDVPQTSKLLQDEIFGPVVVVSK FTNYDDALKLANDTCYGLASAVFTKDVKKAHMFARDIKAGTVWINSSNDEDVTVPFGG FKMSGIGRELGQSGVDTYLQTKAVHINLSLDN EC 1.2.1.49 Saccharomyces cerevisiae ALD3 (SEQ ID NO: 154) MPTLYTDIEIPQLKISLKQPLGLFINNEFCPSSDGKTIETVNPATGEPITSFQAANEK DVDKAVKAARAAFDNVWSKTSSEQRGIYLSNLLKLIEEEQDTLAALETLDAGKPFHSNA KQDLAQIIELTRYYAGAVDKFNMGETIPLTFNKFAYTLKVPFGVVAQIVPWNYPLAMAC RKMQGALAAGNTVIIKPAENTSLSLLYFATLIKKAGFPPGVVNVIPGYGSVVGKALGTH MDIDKISFTGSTKVGGSVLEASGQSNLKDITLECGGKSPALVFEDADLDKAIEWVANGIF FNSGQICTANSRVYVQSSIYDKFVEKFKETAKKEWDVAGKFDPFDEKCIVGPVISSTQYD RIKSYIERGKKEEKLDMFQTSEFPIGGAKGYFIPPTIFTDVPETSKLLRDEIFGPVVVVSKFT NYDDALKLANDTCYGLASAVFTKDVKKAHMFARDIKAGTVWINQTNQEEAKVPFGGF KMSGIGRESGDTGVDNYLQIKSVHVDLSLDK EC 1.2.1.49 Saccharomyces cerevisiae ALD4 (SEQ ID NO: 155) MFSRSTLCLKTSASSIGRLQLRYFSHLPMTVPIKLPNGLEYEQPTGLFINNKFVPSK QNKTFEVINPSTEEEICHIYEGREDDVEEAVQAADRAFSNGSWNGIDPIDRGKALYRLAE LIEQDKDVIASIETLDNGKAISSSRGDVDLVINYLKSSAGFADKIDGRMIDTGRTHFSYTK RQPLGVCGQIIPWNFPLLMWAWKIAPALVTGNTVVLKTAESTPLSALYVSKYIPQAGIPP GVINIVSGFGKIVGEAITNHPKIKKVAFTGSTATGRHIYQSAAAGLKKVTLELGGKSPNIV FADAELKKAVQNIILGIYYNSGEVCCAGSRVYVEESIYDKFIEEFKAASESIKVGDPFDES TFQGAQTSQMQLNKILKYVDIGKNEGATLITGGERLGSKGYFIKPTVFGDVKEDMRIVK EEIFGPVVTVTKFKSADEVINMANDSEYGLAAGIHTSNINTALKVADRVNAGTVWINTY NDFHHAVPFGGFNASGLGREMSVDALQNYLQVKAVRAKLDE EC 1.2.1.49 Saccharomyces cerevisiae ALD5 (SEQ ID NO: 156) MLSRTRAAAPNSRIFTRSLLRLYSQAPLRVPITLPNGFTYEQPTGLFINGEFVASKQ KKTFDVINPSNEEKITTVYKAMEDDVDEAVAAAKKAFETKWSIVEPEVRAKALFNLADL VEKHQETLAAIESMDNGKSLFCARGDVALVSKYLRSCGGWADKIYGNVIDTGKNHFTY SIKEPLGVCGQIIPWNFPLLMWSWKIGPALATGNTVVLKPAETTPLSALFASQLCQEAGIP AGVVNILPGSGRVVGERLSAHPDVKKIAFTGSTATGRHIMKVAADTVKKVTLELGGKSP NIVFADADLDKAVKNIAFGIFYNSGEVCCAGSRIYIQDTVYEEVLQKLKDYTESLKVGDP FDEEVFQGAQTSDKQLHKILDYVDVAKSEGARLVTGGARHGSKGYFVKPTVFADVKGD MRIVKEEVFGPIVTVSKFSTVDEVIAMANDSQYGLAAGIHTNDINKAVDVSKRVKAGTV WINTYNNFHQNVPFGGFGQSGIGREMGEAALSNYTQTKSVRIAIDKPIR EC 1.2.1.49 Saccharomyces cerevisiae ALD6 (SEQ ID NO: 157) MTKLHFDTAEPVKITLPNGLTYEQPTGLFINNKFMKAQDGKTYPVEDPSTENTVC EVSSATTEDVEYAIECADRAFHDTEWATQDPRERGRLLSKLADELESQIDLVSSIEALDN GKTLALARGDVTIAINCLRDAAAYADKVNGRTINTGDGYMNFTTLEPIGVCGQIIPWNFP IMMLAWKIAPALAMGNVCILKPAAVTPLNALYFASLCKKVGIPAGVVNIVPGPGRTVGA ALTNDPRIRKLAFTGSTEVGKSVAVDSSESNLKKITLELGGKSAHLVFDDANIKKTLPNL VNGIFKNAGQICSSGSRIYVQEGIYDELLAAFKAYLETEIKVGNPFDKANFQGAITNRQQF DTIMNYIDIGKKEGAKILTGGEKVGDKGYFIRPTVFYDVNEDMRIVKEEIFGPVVTVAKF KTLEEGVEMANSSEFGLGSGIETESLSTGLKVAKMLKAGTVWINTYNDFDSRVPFGGVK QSGYGREMGEEVYHAYTEVKAVRIKL EC 1.2.1.49 Saccharomyces cerevisiae HFD1 (SEQ ID NO: 158) MSNDGSKILNYTPVSKIDEIVEISRNFFFEKQLKLSHENNPRKKDLEFRQLQLKKL YYAVKDHEEELIDAMYKDFHRNKIESVLNETTKLMNDILHLIEILPKLIKPRRVSDSSPPF MFGKTIVEKISRGSVLIIAPFNFPLLLAFAPLAAALAAGNTIVLKPSELTPHTAVVMENLLT TAGFPDGLIQVVQGAIDETTRLLDCGKFDLIFYTGSPRVGSIVAEKAAKSLTPCVLELGGK SPTFITENFKASNIKIALKRIFFGAFGNSGQICVSPDYLLVHKSIYPKVIKECESVLNEFYPS FDEQTDFTRMIHEPAYKKAVASINSTNGSKIVPSKISINSDTEDLCLVPPTIVYNIGWDDPL MKQENFAPVLPIIEYEDLDETINKIIEEHDTPLVQYIFSDSQTEINRILTRLRSGDCVVGDTV IHVGITDAPFGGIGTSGYGNYGGYYGFNTFSHERTIFKQPYWNDFTLFMRYPPNSAQKEK LVRFAMERKPWFDRNGNNKWGLRQYFSLSAAVILISTIYAHCSS EC 2.7.1.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae GLK1 (SEQ ID NO: 159) MSFDDLHKATERAVIQAVDQICDDFEVTPEKLDELTAYFIEQMEKGLAPPKEGHT LASDKGLPMIPAFVTGSPNGTERGVLLAADLGGTNFRICSVNLHGDHTFSMEQMKSKIP DDLLDDENVTSDDLFGFLARRTLAFMKKYHPDELAKGKDAKPMKLGFTFSYPVDQTSL NSGTLIRWTKGFRIADTVGKDVVQLYQEQLSAQGMPMIKVVALTNDTVGTYLSHCYTS DNTDSMTSGEISEPVIGCIFGTGTNGCYMEEINKITKLPQELRDKLIKEGKTHMIINVEWG SFDNELKHLPTTKYDVVIDQKLSTNPGFHLFEKRVSGMFLGEVLRNILVDLHSQGLLLQQ YRSKEQLPRHLTTPFQLSSEVLSHIEIDDSTGLRETELSLLQSLRLPTTPTERVQIQKLVRAI SRRSAYLAAVPLAAILIKTNALNKRYHGEVEIGCDGSVVEYYPGFRSMLRHALALSPLG AEGERKVHLKIAKDGSGVGAALCALVA EC 5.3.1.9 Saccharomyces cerevisiae PGI1 (SEQ ID NO: 160) MSNNSFTNFKLATELPAWSKLQKIYESQGKTLSVKQEFQKDAKRFEKLNKTFTN YDGSKILFDYSKNLVNDEIIAALIELAKEANVTGLRDAMFKGEHINSTEDRAVYHVALRN RANKPMYVDGVNVAPEVDSVLKHMKEFSEQVRSGEWKGYTGKKITDVVNIGIGGSDLG PVMVTEALKHYAGVLDVHFVSNIDGTHIAETLKVVDPETTLFLIASKTFTTAETITNANT AKNWFLSKTGNDPSHIAKHFAALSTNETEVAKFGIDTKNMFGFESWVGGRYSVWSAIGL SVALYIGYDNFEAFLKGAEAVDNHFTQTPLEDNIPLLGGLLSVWYNNFFGAQTHLVAPF DQYLHRFPAYLQQLSMESNGKSVTRGNVFTDYSTGSILFGEPATNAQHSFFQLVHQGTK LIPSDFILAAQSHNPIENKLHQKMLASNFFAQAEALMVGKDEEQVKAEGATGGLVPHKV FSGNRPTTSILAQKITPATLGALIAYYEHVTFTEGAIWNINSFDQWGVELGKVLAKVIGKE LDNSSTISTHDASTNGLINQFKEWM EC 2.7.1.11 Saccharomyces cerevisiae PFK1 (SEQ ID NO: 161) MQSQDSCYGVAFRSIITNDEALFKKTIHFYHTLGFATVKDFNKFKHGENSLLSSGT SQDSLREVWLESFKLSEVDASGFRIPQQEATNKAQSQGALLKIRLVMSAPIDETFDTNET ATITYFSTDLNKIVEKFPKQAEKLSDTLVFLKDPMGNNITFSGLANATDSAPTSKDAFLEA TSEDEIISRASSDASDLLRQTLGSSQKKKKIAVMTSGGDSPGMNAAVRAVVRTGIHFGCD VFAVYEGYEGLLRGGKYLKKMAWEDVRGWLSEGGTLIGTARSMEFRKREGRRQAAGN LISQGIDALVVCGGDGSLTGADLFRHEWPSLVDELVAEGRFTKEEVAPYKNLSIVGLVGS IDNDMSGTDSTIGAYSALERICEMVDYIDATAKSHSRAFVVEVMGRHCGWLALMAGIA TGADYIFIPERAVPHGKWQDELKEVCQRHRSKGRRNNTIIVAEGALDDQLNPVTANDVK DALIELGLDTKVTILGHVQRGGTAVAHDRWLATLQGVDAVKAVLEFTPETPSPLIGILEN KIIRMPLVESVKLTKSVATAIENKDFDKAISLRDTEFIELYENFLSTTVKDDGSELLPVSDR LNIGIVHVGAPSAALNAATRAATLYCLSHGHKPYAIMNGFSGLIQTGEVKELSWIDVEN WHNLGGSEIGTNRSVASEDLGTIAYYFQKNKLDGLIILGGFEGFRSLKQLRDGRTQHPIF NIPMCLIPATVSNNVPGTEYSLGVDTCLNALVNYTDDIKQSASATRRRVFVCEVQGGHS GYIASFTGLITGAVSVYTPEKKIDLASIREDITLLKENFRHDKGENRNGKLLVRNEQASSV YSTQLLADIISEASKGKFGVRTAIPGHVQQGGVPSSKDRVTASRFAVKCIKFIEQWNKKN EASPNTDAKVLRFKFDTHGEKVPTVEHEDDSAAVICVNGSHVSFKPIANLWENETNVEL RKGFEVHWAEYNKIGDILSGRLKLRAEVAALAAENK EC 2.7.1.11 Saccharomyces cerevisiae PFK2 (SEQ ID NO: 162) MTVTTPFVNGTSYCTVTAYSVQSYKAAIDFYTKFLSLENRSSPDENSTLLSNDSIS LKILLRPDEKINKNVEAHLKELNSITKTQDWRSHATQSLVFNTSDILAVKDTLNAMNAPL QGYPTELFPMQLYTLDPLGNVVGVTSTKNAVSTKPTPPPAPEASAESGLSSKVHSYTDLA YRMKTTDTYPSLPKPLNRPQKAIAVMTSGGDAPGMNSNVRAIVRSAIFKGCRAFVVME GYEGLVRGGPEYIKEFHWEDVRGWSAEGGTNIGTARCMEFKKREGRLLGAQHLIEAGV DALIVCGGDGSLTGADLFRSEWPSLIEELLKTNRISNEQYERMKHLNICGTVGSIDNDMS TTDATIGAYSALDRICKAIDYVEATANSHSRAFVVEVMGRNCGWLALLAGIATSADYIFI PEKPATSSEWQDQMCDIVSKHRSRGKRTTIVVVAEGAIAADLTPISPSDVHKVLVDRLGL DTRITTLGHVQRGGTAVAYDRILATLQGLEAVNAVLESTPDTPSPLIAVNENKIVRKPLM ESVKLTKAVAEAIQAKDFKRAMSLRDTEFIEHLNNFMAINSADHNEPKLPKDKRLKIAIV NVGAPAGGINSAVYSMATYCMSQGHRPYAIYNGWSGLARHESVRSLNWKDMLGWQS RGGSEIGTNRVTPEEADLGMIAYYFQKYEFDGLIIVGGFEAFESLHQLERARESYPAFRIP MVLIPATLSNNVPGTEYSLGSDTALNALMEYCDVVKQSASSTRGRAFVVDCQGGNSGY LATYASLAVGAQVSYVPEEGISLEQLSEDIEYLAQSFEKAEGRGRFGKLILKSTNASKALS ATKLAEVITAEADGRFDAKPAYPGHVQQGGLPSPIDRTRATRMAIKAVGFIKDNQAAIA EARAAEENFNADDKTISDTAAVVGVKGSHVVYNSIRQLYDYETEVSMRMPKVIHWQAT RLIADHLVGRKRVD EC 4.1.1.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae PDC1 (SEQ ID NO: 163) MSEITLGKYLFERLKQVNVNTVFGLPGDFNLSLLDKIYEVEGMRWAGNANELNA AYAADGYARIKGMSCIITTFGVGELSALNGIAGSYAEHVGVLHVVGVPSISAQAKQLLL HHTLGNGDFTVFHRMSANISETTAMITDIATAPAEIDRCIRTTYVTQRPVYLGLPANLVD LNVPAKLLQTPIDMSLKPNDAESEKEVIDTILALVKDAKNPVILADACCSRHDVKAETKK LIDLTQFPAFVTPMGKGSIDEQHPRYGGVYVGTLSKPEVKEAVESADLILSVGALLSDFN TGSFSYSYKTKNIVEFHSDHMKIRNATFPGVQMKFVLQKLLTTIADAAKGYKPVAVPAR TPANAAVPASTPLKQEWMWNQLGNFLQEGDVVIAETGTSAFGINQTTFPNNTYGISQVL WGSIGFTTGATLGAAFAAEEIDPKKRVILFIGDGSLQLTVQEISTMIRWGLKPYLFVLNND GYTIEKLIHGPKAQYNEIQGWDHLSLLPTFGAKDYETHRVATTGEWDKLTQDKSFNDNS KIRMIEIMLPVFDAPQNLVEQAKLTAATNAKQ EC 4.1.1.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae PDC5 (SEQ ID NO: 164) MSEITLGKYLFERLSQVNCNTVFGLPGDFNLSLLDKLYEVKGMRWAGNANELN AAYAADGYARIKGMSCIITTFGVGELSALNGIAGSYAEHVGVLHVVGVPSISSQAKQLLL HHTLGNGDFTVFHRMSANISETTAMITDIANAPAEIDRCIRTTYTTQRPVYLGLPANLVD LNVPAKLLETPIDLSLKPNDAEAEAEVVRTVVELIKDAKNPVILADACASRHDVKAETK KLMDLTQFPVYVTPMGKGAIDEQHPRYGGVYVGTLSRPEVKKAVESADLILSIGALLSD FNTGSFSYSYKTKNIVEFHSDHIKIRNATFPGVQMKFALQKLLDAIPEVVKDYKPVAVPA RVPITKSTPANTPMKQEWMWNHLGNFLREGDIVIAETGTSAFGINQTTFPTDVYAIVQVL WGSIGFTVGALLGATMAAEELDPKKRVILFIGDGSLQLTVQEISTMIRWGLKPYIFVLNN NGYTIEKLIHGPHAEYNEIQGWDHLALLPTFGARNYETHRVATTGEWEKLTQDKDFQD NSKIRMIEVMLPVFDAPQNLVKQAQLTAATNAKQ EC 4.1.1.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae PDC6 (SEQ ID NO: 165) MSEITLGKYLFERLKQVNVNTIFGLPGDFNLSLLDKIYEVDGLRWAGNANELNA AYAADGYARIKGLSVLVTTFGVGELSALNGIAGSYAEHVGVLHVVGVPSISAQAKQLLL HHTLGNGDFTVFHRMSANISETTSMITDIATAPSEIDRLIRTTFITQRPSYLGLPANLVDLK VPGSLLEKPIDLSLKPNDPEAEKEVIDTVLELIQNSKNPVILSDACASRHNVKKETQKLID LTQFPAFVTPLGKGSIDEQHPRYGGVYVGTLSKQDVKQAVESADLILSVGALLSDFNTGS FSYSYKTKNVVEFHSDYVKVKNATFLGVQMKFALQNLLKVIPDVVKGYKSVPVPTKTP ANKGVPASTPLKQEWLWNELSKFLQEGDVIISETGTSAFGINQTIFPKDAYGISQVLWGSI GFTTGATLGAAFAAEEIDPNKRVILFIGDGSLQLTVQEISTMIRWGLKPYLFVLNNDGYTI EKLIHGPHAEYNEIQTWDHLALLPAFGAKKYENHKIATTGEWDALTTDSEFQKNSVIRLI ELKLPVFDAPESLIKQAQLTAATNAKQ EC 1.1.1.8 Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPD2 (SEQ ID NO: 166) MLAVRRLTRYTFLKRTHPVLYTRRAYKILPSRSTFLRRSLLQTQLHSKMTAHTNI KQHKHCHEDHPIRRSDSAVSIVHLKRAPFKVTVIGSGNWGTTIAKVIAENTELHSHIFEPE VRMWVFDEKIGDENLTDIINTRHQNVKYLPNIDLPHNLVADPDLLHSIKGADILVFNIPH QFLPNIVKQLQGHVAPHVRAISCLKGFELGSKGVQLLSSYVTDELGIQCGALSGANLAPE VAKEHWSETTVAYQLPKDYQGDGKDVDHKILKLLFHRPYFHVNVIDDVAGISIAGALK NVVALACGFVEGMGWGNNASAAIQRLGLGEIIKFGRMFFPESKVETYYQESAGVADLIT TCSGGRNVKVATYMAKTGKSALEAEKELLNGQSAQGIITCREVHEWLQTCELTQEFPLF EAVYQIVYNNVRMEDLPEMIEELDIDDE EC 3.1.3.21 Saccharomyces cerevisiae GPP1 (SEQ ID NO: 167) MPLTTKPLSLKINAALFDVDGTIIISQPAIAAFWRDFGKDKPYFDAEHVIHISHGW RTYDAIAKFAPDFADEEYVNKLEGEIPEKYGEHSIEVPGAVKLCNALNALPKEKWAVAT SGTRDMAKKWFDILKIKRPEYFITANDVKQGKPHPEPYLKGRNGLGFPINEQDPSKSKVV VFEDAPAGIAAGKAAGCKIVGIATTFDLDFLKEKGCDIIVKNHESIRVGEYNAEIDEVELI FDDYLYAKDDLLKW

In certain embodiments, an enzyme of the present invention includes any enzyme that is at least about 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 99% identical, or sharing at least about 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% sequence identity to any of the enzymes of the metabolic engineered pathways as described above. These enzymes sharing the requisite sequence identity or similarity can be wild-type enzymes from a different organism, or can be artificial, i.e., recombinant, enzymes.

In certain embodiments, any genes encoding for enzymes with the same activity as any of the enzymes of the metabolicly engineered pathways as described above may be used in place of the enzymes. These enzymes may be wild-type enzymes from a different organism, or may be artificial, recombinant or engineered enzymes.

Additionally, due to the inherent degeneracy of the genetic code, other nucleic acid sequences which encode substantially the same or a functionally equivalent amino acid sequence can also be used to express the polynucleotide encoding such enzymes. As will be understood by those of skill in the art, it can be advantageous to modify a coding sequence to enhance its expression in a particular host. The codons that are utilized most often in a species are called “optimal codons”, and those not utilized very often are classified as “rare or low-usage codons”. Codons can be substituted to reflect the preferred codon usage of the host, a process sometimes called “codon optimization” or “controlling for species codon bias.” Methodology for optimizing a nucleotide sequence for expression in, e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are known to one of ordinary skill in the art.

Modified Strains

The present invention further provides for knockout strains in which the metabolic engineered pathways of the invention are carried out. Such a genetically modified microorganism would have an increased ability to produce lactate or acetate as a fermentation product. “Knock out” of the genes means partial, substantial, or complete deletion, silencing, inactivation, or down-regulation.

Thus, certain embodiments of the present invention provide for the “inactivation” or “deletion” of certain genes or particular polynucleotide sequences within thermophilic or mesophilic microorganisms, which “inactivation” or “deletion” of genes or particular polynucleotide sequences can be understood to encompass “genetic modification(s)” or “transformation(s)” such that the resulting strains of said thermophilic or mesophilic microorganisms can be understood to be “genetically modified” or “transformed.” In certain embodiments, strains can be of bacterial, fungal, or yeast origin.

A genetically modified strain that is a knockout strain can have the advantage of eliminating the production of certain organic acids or products that interfere with the ability of the strain to generate a high yield of an alternative product, such as isopropanol or propanediol.

For example, if the conversion of pyruvate to lactate (the salt form of lactic acid) by the action of LDH was not available in the early stages of the glycolytic pathway, then the pyruvate could be more efficiently converted to acetyl CoA by the action of pyruvate dehydrogenase or pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase.

Genes to be targeted for knockout for the present invention include lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), hydrogenase (hyd), acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (acdh), acetate kinase (ack), pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase (por) or pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc).

As used herein, the term “lactate dehydrogenase” or “LDH” is intended to include the enzyme capable of converting pyruvate into lactate. It is understood that LDH can also catalyze the oxidation of hydroxybutyrate.

As used herein, the term “acetate kinase” or “ACK” is intended to include the enzyme capable of converting acetyl phosphate into acetate.

As used herein, the term “pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase” or “POR” is intended to include the enzyme capable of converting pyruvate into acetyl CoA, carbon dioxide, and reduced ferredoxin.

The term “pyruvate decarboxylase activity” is intended to include the ability of a polypeptide to enzymatically convert pyruvate into acetaldehyde (e.g., “pyruvate decarboxylase” or “PDC”). Typically, the activity of a selected polypeptide encompasses the total enzymatic activity associated with the produced polypeptide, comprising, e.g., the superior substrate affinity of the enzyme, thermostability, stability at different pHs, or a combination of these attributes.

Certain embodiments of the present invention, alternatively, provide for the “insertion,” (e.g., the addition, integration, incorporation, or introduction) of certain genes or particular polynucleotide sequences within thermophilic or mesophilic microorganisms, which insertion of genes or particular polynucleotide sequences can be understood to encompass “genetic modification(s)” or “transformation(s)” such that the resulting strains of said thermophilic or mesophilic microorganisms can be understood to be “genetically modified” or “transformed.” In certain embodiments, strains can be of bacterial, fungal, or yeast origin.

In one aspect of the invention, the genes or particular polynucleotide sequences are inserted to activate the activity for which they encode, such as the expression of an enzyme. In certain embodiments, genes encoding enzymes in the metabolic production of ethanol, e.g., enzymes that metabolize pentose and/or hexose sugars, can be added to a mesophilic or thermophilic organism. In certain embodiments of the invention, the enzyme can confer the ability to metabolize a pentose sugar and be involved, for example, in the D-xylose pathway and/or L-arabinose pathway.

In one aspect of the invention, the genes or particular polynucleotide sequences are partially, substantially, or completely deleted, silenced, inactivated, or down-regulated in order to inactivate the activity for which they encode, such as the expression of an enzyme. Deletions provide maximum stability because there is no opportunity for a reverse mutation to restore function. Alternatively, genes can be partially, substantially, or completely deleted, silenced, inactivated, or down-regulated by insertion of nucleic acid sequences that disrupt the function and/or expression of the gene (e.g., P1 transduction or other methods known in the art). The terms “eliminate,” “elimination,” and “knockout” are used interchangeably with the terms “deletion,” “partial deletion,” “substantial deletion,” or “complete deletion.” In certain embodiments, strains of thermophilic or mesophilic microorganisms of interest can be engineered by site directed homologous recombination to knockout the production of organic acids. In still other embodiments, RNAi or antisense DNA (asDNA) can be used to partially, substantially, or completely silence, inactivate, or down-regulate a particular gene of interest.

Vectors and Host Cells

The present invention also relates to vectors which include genes encoding for enzymes of the present invention, as described above, as well as host cells which are genetically engineered with vectors of the invention and the production of polypeptides of the invention by recombinant techniques.

Host cells are genetically engineered (transduced or transformed or transfected) with the vectors of this invention which can be, for example, a cloning vector or an expression vector. The vector can be, for example, in the form of a plasmid, a viral particle, a phage, etc. The engineered host cells can be cultured in conventional nutrient media modified as appropriate for activating promoters, selecting transformants or amplifying the genes of the present invention. The culture conditions, such as temperature, pH and the like, are those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.

The DNA sequence in the expression vector is operatively associated with an appropriate expression control sequence(s) (promoter) to direct mRNA synthesis. Any suitable promoter to drive gene expression in the host cells of the invention can be used. Additionally, promoters known to control expression of genes in prokaryotic or lower eukaryotic cells can be used. The expression vector also contains a ribosome binding site for translation initiation and a transcription terminator. The vector can also include appropriate sequences for amplifying expression, or can include additional regulatory regions.

The vector containing the appropriate selectable marker sequence as used herein, as well as an appropriate promoter or control sequence, can be employed to transform an appropriate thermophilic host to permit the host to express the protein.

The terms “promoter” or “surrogate promoter” is intended to include a polynucleotide segment that can transcriptionally control a gene-of-interest that it does not transcriptionally control in nature. In certain embodiments, the transcriptional control of a surrogate promoter results in an increase in expression of the gene-of-interest. In certain embodiments, a surrogate promoter is placed 5′ to the gene-of-interest. A surrogate promoter can be used to replace the natural promoter, or can be used in addition to the natural promoter. A surrogate promoter can be endogenous with regard to the host cell in which it is used, or it can be a heterologous polynucleotide sequence introduced into the host cell, e.g., exogenous with regard to the host cell in which it is used.

The terms “gene(s)” or “polynucleotide segment” or “polynucleotide sequence(s)” are intended to include nucleic acid molecules, e.g., polynucleotides which include an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide, and can further include non-coding regulatory sequences, and introns. In addition, the terms are intended to include one or more genes that map to a functional locus. In addition, the terms are intended to include a specific gene for a selected purpose. The gene can be endogenous to the host cell or can be recombinantly introduced into the host cell, e.g., as a plasmid maintained episomally or a plasmid (or fragment thereof) that is stably integrated into the genome. In addition to the plasmid form, a gene can, for example, be in the form of linear DNA. In certain embodiments, the gene encodes a polypeptide, such as an enzyme of the present invention. The term gene is also intended to cover all copies of a particular gene, e.g., all of the DNA sequences in a cell encoding a particular gene product.

The term “transcriptional control” is intended to include the ability to modulate gene expression at the level of transcription. In certain embodiments, transcription, and thus gene expression, is modulated by replacing or adding a surrogate promoter near the 5′ end of the coding region of a gene-of-interest, thereby resulting in altered gene expression. In certain embodiments, the transcriptional control of one or more gene is engineered to result in the optimal expression of such genes, e.g., in a desired ratio. The term also includes inducible transcriptional control as recognized in the art.

The term “expression” is intended to include the expression of a gene at least at the level of mRNA production.

The term “expression product” is intended to include the resultant product, e.g., a polypeptide, of an expressed gene.

The term “increased expression” is intended to include an alteration in gene expression at least at the level of increased mRNA production and, preferably, at the level of polypeptide expression. The term “increased production” is intended to include an increase in the amount of a polypeptide expressed, in the level of the enzymatic activity of the polypeptide, or a combination thereof.

In certain aspects, the present invention relates to host cells containing the above-described constructs. The host cell can be an anaerobic thermophilic bacterial cell, including an anaerobic xylanolytic and/or cellulolytic host cell. The selection of an appropriate host is deemed to be within the scope of those skilled in the art from the teachings herein.

The present invention also includes recombinant constructs comprising one or more of the selectable marker sequences as broadly described above. The constructs comprise a vector, such as a plasmid or viral vector, into which a sequence of the invention has been inserted, in a forward or reverse orientation. In one aspect of this embodiment, the construct further comprises regulatory sequences, including, for example, a promoter, operably associated to the sequence. Large numbers of suitable vectors and promoters are known to those of skill in the art, and are commercially available. The following vectors are provided by way of example only.

The term “derived from” is intended to include the isolation (in whole or in part) of a polynucleotide segment from an indicated source or the purification of a polypeptide from an indicated source. The term is intended to include, for example, direct cloning, PCR amplification, or artificial synthesis from or based on a sequence associated with the indicated polynucleotide source.

Introduction of the construct in host cells can be done using methods known in the art. Introduction can also be effected by electroporation methods as described in U.S. Prov. Appl. No. 61/109,642, filed Oct. 30, 2008, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.

Furthermore, the use of positive and/or negative selection markers, genetic tools, and homologous recombination-based genome integration adapted for use in, e.g., thermophilic organisms, that can be used to efficiently select modified strains, including modified strains of C. thermocellum and T. saccharolyticum can be done using methods as described in U.S. Prov. Appl. No. 61/232,648, filed Aug. 10, 2009, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference. Methods for the expression of foreign genes, knockout and overexpression of native genes, and creation of clean industrial strains that do not contain antibiotic markers or other extraneous DNA can be performed, as described in U.S. Prov. Appl. No. 61/232,648.

Biomass

The terms “lignocellulosic material,” “lignocellulosic substrate,” and “cellulosic biomass” mean any type of biomass comprising cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, or combinations thereof, such as but not limited to woody biomass, forage grasses, herbaceous energy crops, non-woody-plant biomass, agricultural wastes and/or agricultural residues, forestry residues and/or forestry wastes, paper-production sludge and/or waste paper sludge, waste-water-treatment sludge, municipal solid waste, corn fiber from wet and dry mill corn ethanol plants, and sugar-processing residues.

in a non-limiting example, the lignocellulosic material can include, but is not limited to, woody biomass, such as recycled wood pulp fiber, sawdust, hardwood, softwood, and combinations thereof; grasses, such as switch grass, cord grass, rye grass, reed canary grass, miscanthus, or a combination thereof; sugar-processing residues, such as but not limited to sugar cane bagasse; agricultural wastes, such as but not limited to rice straw, rice hulls, barley straw, corn cobs, cereal straw, wheat straw, canola straw, oat straw, oat hulls, and corn fiber; stover, such as but not limited to soybean stover, corn stover; succulent plants, such as but not limited to agave; and forestry wastes, such as but not limited to recycled wood pulp fiber, sawdust, hardwood (e.g., poplar, oak, maple, birch, willow), softwood, or any combination thereof. Lignocellulosic material can comprise one species of fiber; alternatively, lignocellulosic material can comprise a mixture of fibers that originate from different lignocellulosic materials. Particularly advantageous lignocellulosic materials are agricultural wastes, such as cereal straws, including wheat straw, barley straw, canola straw and oat straw; corn fiber; stovers, such as corn stover and soybean stover; grasses, such as switch grass, reed canary grass, cord grass, and miscanthus; or combinations thereof.

Paper sludge is also a viable feedstock for lactate or acetate production. Paper sludge is solid residue arising from pulping and paper-making, and is typically removed from process wastewater in a primary clarifier. At a disposal cost of $30/wet ton, the cost of sludge disposal equates to $5/ton of paper that is produced for sale. The cost of disposing of wet sludge is a significant incentive to convert the material for other uses, such as conversion to ethanol. Processes provided by the present invention are widely applicable. Moreover, the saccharification and/or fermentation products can be used to produce ethanol or higher value added chemicals, such as organic acids, aromatics, esters, acetone and polymer intermediates. During glycolysis, cells convert simple sugars, such as glucose, into pyruvic acid, with a net production of ATP and NADH. In the absence of a functioning electron transport system for oxidative phosphorylation, at least 95% of the pyruvic acid is consumed in short pathways which regenerate NAD⁺, an obligate requirement for continued glycolysis and ATP production. The waste products of these NAD⁺ regeneration systems are commonly referred to as fermentation products.

EXEMPLIFICATION Example 1 1.1 Production of Mixed Alcohols in Bacterial and Yeast CBP Platforms

Production of mixed alcohols in bacteria and yeast makes use of bacterial and yeast CBP platforms, and their available toolboxes, to produce a combination of propanediol, isopropanol, glycerol and ethanol. Trace amounts of microbially produced propanediol were first detected in 1.954 during cultivation of Clostridium thermobutyricum. See Enebo, L. 1954, “Studies in cellulose decomposition by an anaerobic thermophilic bacterium and two associated non-cellulolytic species,” p. 94-96. Viktor Pettersons Bokindustrie Aktiebolag, Stockholm. Since then, reports have indicated native production of propanediol from common sugars during fermentations of C. sphenoides and T. thermosaccharolyticum. See Tran-Din, K., & Gottschalk, G., 1985, Arch. Microbiol. 142, 87-92; Cameron, D. C., & Clooney, C., 1986, Bio/Technology 4, 651-654. Recombinant E. coli strains have been developed that produce propanediol from dihydroxyacetone phosphate, an intermediate of sugar metabolism, using multiple recombinant genes. See Altaras, N. E., & Cameron, D. C., 1999, Appl Environ Microbiol. 65(3), 1180-5; U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,352.

The objective of this example is to provide new pathways for the production of high yields of mixed alcohols in bacteria and yeast. The bacterial CBP platforms comprise microorganisms that are in the same family as C. sphenoides and T. thermosaccharolyticum, which contain native genes for propanediol production and, unlike the literature, do not rely on expression of recombinant activities to convert dihydroxyacetone phosphate to propanediol. For example, T. saccharolyticum is able to ferment L-Rhamnose to equimolar amounts of propanediol and a mixture of ethanol, acetic acid, lactic acid, H₂ and CO₂. See Lee et al., International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 43(1): 41-51 (1993). However, in the past, the exploitation of thermophilic clostridia for production of propanediol was not feasible due to a lack of genetically tractable systems required for stable genetic engineering. The successful genetic engineering of thermophilic clostridia and thermoanaerobacter and thermoanaerobacterium strains now makes such exploitation for metabolic engineering possible. See U.S. Prov. Appl. No. 61/232,648, filed Aug. 10, 2009. Further, production of propanedial in yeast has been observed by the expression of a single gene, methylglyoxal synthase (mgs), indicating that additional activities necessary to convert methygloxal to propanediol are endogenous to yeast. See Lee, W., & DaSilva, N. A., 2006, Metabolic Eng. 8, 58-65.

The 1,2-propandiol produced using these platforms can be used as a valuable intermediate or converted to propionate and propanol using microbes such as Lactobacillus reuteri strain isolated from sourdough that is known to do this reaction. See Sriramulu, D. D., et al., 2008, J Bacteriol. 190(13):4559-67. Chemical routes might also exist for direct conversion of propanediol to propanol or even propylene.

Isopropanol can be produced by the addition of a pathway to produce acetone and a dehydrogenase capable of utilizing acetone as a substrate. The best known and studied acetone production route is from the metabolism of Clostridium acetobutylicum. All enzymes in this pathway have been sequenced and cloned into other hosts such as E. coli. See Bermejo, L. L., et al., 1998, Appl Environ Microbiol. 64(3), 1079-85. C. acetobutylicum has been used in industrial fermentations beginning in the early 1900's and the acetone produced was used as a major source for gunpowder during the First World War. The fermentation was widely used until the 1960's when the process was no longer able to compete with the emergent petrochemical process due to rising costs of fermentable sugars. The bacterial and yeast CBP platforms makes the production of isopropanol readily tractable.

1.2 Pathway Definition and Stoichiometric Calculations for Production of Mixed Alcohols

The combined production of propanediol and isopropanol from glucose is outlined in the pathways of FIG. 1 and requires the activity of several distinct enzymes (Table 2).

TABLE 2 List of native and non-native gene candidates pertaining to engineering of mixed alcohols in bacteria and yeast CBP platforms. Non-native- Non-native- Activity EC Cthe Tsacch Yeast bacteria yeast methylglyoxal synthase 4.2.3.3 95 or2316 Oryza saliva aldo-keto reductase 1.1.1.- 152 or1401 mgs (methylglyoxal to 236 or1402 acetol) 283 or785  or414  or2491 aldo-keto reductase 1.1.1.- 101 or1043 (acetol to propanediol) 394 or2289 423 or411  2445 or2426 2579 or0286 phosphotransacetylase 2.3.1.8 1029 or1741 Tsacch or1741 acetate kinase 2.7.2.1 1028 or1742 Tsacch or1742 thiolase 2.3.1.9 ERG10 C. acetobutylicum coA transferase 2.8.3.8 C. C. acetobutylicum acetobutylicum acetoacetate 4.1.1.4 C. C. decarboxylase acetobutylicum acetobutylicum isopropanol 1.1.1.80 101 or1411 ADH1 dehydrogenase 394 or1043 ADH2 423 or2426 ADH3 2445 or2289 ADH4 2579 or0286 ADH5 ADH6 ADH7 BDH2 SFA1 YPL088 W alcohol dehydrogenase 1.1.1.1 423 or411  PFOR 1.2.7.1 2390-3 or0047 (oxidoreductase) fructose 1,6- 4.1.2.13 0349 or0260 FBA1 biphosphate aldolase 1019 or0330 triose-phophate 5.3.1.1 0139 or2687 TPI1 isomerase glycerol-3-phosphate 1.1.1.8 GPD2 dehydrogenase glycerol-3- 3.1.3.21 GPP1 phosphatase pyruvate formate- 2.3.1.54 E. coli lyase pflA/pflB formate 1.2.1.2 FDH1 dehydrogenase aldehyde reductase 1.1,1.21 101 or1043 GRE3 394 or2289 423 or411  2445 or2426 2579 or0286 glyoxylate reductase 1.1.1.79 152 or1401 GOR1 236 or1402 YPL113 283 or785  C or414  or2491 methylglyoxal 1.2.1.49 152 or1401 GCY1 dehydrogenase 236 or1402 ALD2 283 or785  ALD3 or414  ALD4 or2491 ALDS ALD6 HFD1 Genes to KO Activity EC Cthe Tsacch Yeast lactate dehydrogenase 1.1.1.27 1053 or180  pyruvate decarboxylase 4.1.1.1 PDC1 PDC5 PDC6

The branched metabolic pathways can be subdivided into distinct production routes as follows:

(i) the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate into propanediol

(ii) the conversion of pyruvate into isopropanol

(iii) the conversion of pyruvate into ethanol (bacterial CBP platform only)

(iv) the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glycerol (yeast CBP platform only).

The combined production of isopropanol, propanediol, and ethanol (routes (i), (ii), and (iii)) from two glucose molecules during bacterial metabolism is governed by the overall stoichiometric equation with a theoretical yield of one propanol, one propanediol, and one ethanol per two glucose, as follows:

2C₆ H ₁₂O₆→C₃H₈ O+C ₃H₈O₂+C₂H₆O+4CO₂+H₂+3ATP

The theoretical yield of propanediol, propanol, and ethanol on hexose and pentose sugar for the above pathway is:

Hexose Pentose 0.21 g propanediol/g sugar 0.21 g propanediol/g sugar 0.17 g isopropanol/g sugar 0.17 g isopropanol/g sugar 0.13 g ethanol/g sugar 0.13 g ethanol/g sugar

The combined production of isopropanol, propanediol, and glycerol in yeast, S. cerevisiae, (routes (i), (ii), and (iv)) results in the net gain of one ATP, and is governed by the overall stoichiometric equation:

2C₆H₁₂O₆→C₃H₈O₂+C₃H₈O₂+C₃H₈O₃+3CO₂ +ATP

The co-production of isopropanol and propanediol together with the loss of carbon to glycerol and CO₂ are necessary to maintain the redox balance. The theoretical yield of propanediol, propanol, and glycerol on hexose and pentose sugar for the above pathway is:

Hexose Pentose 0.21 g propanediol/g sugar 0.21 g propanediol/g sugar 0.17 g isopropanol/g sugar 0.17 g isopropanol/g sugar 0.26 g glycerol/g sugar 0.26 g glycerol/g sugar

The above stoichiometric equations were calculated using a hexose as a carbohydrate source; however, pentose sugars, including but not limited to xylose, can be readily utilized as well. When a pentose sugar is used as the carbohydrate source, six pentose sugars are required as the equivalent for five hexose sugars.

1.3 Production Routes for Mixed Alcohols and Corresponding Enzymology

Bacterial CBP Platforms

The combined production of propanediol, isopropanol, and ethanol from glucose in a bacterial CBP platform can be subdivided into the following distinct production routes: (i) the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate into propanediol; (ii) the conversion of pyruvate into isopropanol; and (iii) the conversion of pyruvate into ethanol (FIG. 1). The microbial hosts utilize carbohydrate sources, shown as glucose in FIG. 1, to produce the mixed alcohols, but as mentioned above, pentose sugars such as xylose can be readily utilized as well, requiring six pentose sugars as equivalent for five hexose sugars. The first step in the pathway uses the microbial host's cellular metabolism to metabolize the carbohydrate source, employing, e.g., the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway to produce dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (FIG. 1). These metabolites can be interchanged using triosephosphate isomerase (E.C. 5.3.1.1).

During route (i), dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to methyglyoxal by methylglyoxal synthase (E.C. 4.2.3.3). Methylglyoxal is subsequently converted to either acetol by an oxidoreductase, which is to be identified from EC 1.1.1.- (see Table 2), or lactaldehyde by a keto-reductase (E.C. 1.1.1.79, 1.2.1.49). These intermediates are further reduced to propanediol by, oxidoredutases (E.C. 1.1.1.-) for acetol or (E.C. 1.1.1.2) 1 lactaldehyde.

For route (ii), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is further metabolized to pyruvate through standard glycolysis reactions, producing ATP to power the cellular reactions and the required reducing equivalents needed to reduce the carbon end-products. During bacterial metabolism, pyruvate is metabolized to acetyl-CoA, reduced ferredoxin, and CO₂ by pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (E.C. 1.2.7.1) (FIG. 1, light gray box). NADH and H₂ are subsequently produced during the oxidation of ferredoxin. Acetyl-CoA is then converted to acetate by phosphate acetytransferse (E.C. 2.3.1.8) and acetate kinase (E.C. 2.7, 2.1) in an ATP generating reaction. Two acetyl-CoA molecules are converted to acetoacetyl-CoA by thiolase (E.C. 2.3.1.9). Acetoacetyl-CoA is then converted to acetoacetate by CoA enyzyme transferase (E.C. 2.8.3.8), where the CoA species is transferred from acetoacetyl-CoA to acetate, replenishing the acetyl-CoA consumed during the thiolase reaction. Acetoacetate is then converted to acetone by acetoacetate decarboxylase (E.C. 4.1.1.4). The reduction of acetone to isopropanol can be accomplished by an alcohol dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.80).

In route (iii), acetyl-CoA is converted to ethanol by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3) and an alcohol dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.1), or through a bi-functional enzyme catalyzing both steps.

All the required enzymatic activities have been demonstrated in C. thermosaccharolyticum (see Cameron, D.C., & Clooney, C., 1986, Bio/Technology 4, 651-654) and relevant endogenous enzymes in the bacteria CBP platform production strains that exhibit high levels of homology to the desired enzymatic domains have been identified (see Table 2). The enzymes catalyzing the production of acetone from acetyl-CoA have been identified in the literature, and activities associated with (E.C. 2.3.1.9), (E.C. 2.8.3.8), and (E.C. 4.1.1.4) can be engineered using genes from C. acetobutylicum. See Bermejo, L. L., et al., 1998, Appl Environ Microbiol. 64(3), 1079-85.

The conversion of acetone to isopropanol has been shown by multiple alcohol dehydrogenases and endogenous enzymes from the microbial CBP hosts can be screened for their capability to accept acetone as a substrate. Additional efforts must be made to readily control the flux through the different metabolic branch points through the modulation of enzyme levels and regulation. To this end, the deletion of Oh (E.C. 1.1.1.27) will prevent flow of carbon from pyruvate to lactic acid (see Table 2, “Genes to KO”).

Yeast CBP Platforms

The combined production of propanediol, isopropanol, and glycerol from glucose in a yeast CBP platform can be subdivided into the following distinct production routes: (i) the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate into propanediol; (ii) the conversion of pyruvate into isopropanol; and (iv) the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glycerol (FIG. 1). As described above, the microbial hosts utilize carbohydrate sources, such as glucose as shown in FIG. 1, or a pentose sugar such as xylose. The first step in the pathway uses the microbial host's cellular metabolism to metabolize the carbohydrate source, employing, e.g., the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway to produce dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate (FIG. 1). These metabolites can be interchanged using triosephosphate isomerase (E.C. 5.3.1.1).

Route (i) is proposed in the yeast CBP platform in a similar manner as route (i) in the bacteria CBP platform, converting dihydroxyacetone phosphate to methyglyoxal and using the two alternate pathways presented to generate propanediol from methyglyoxal. See FIG. 1. However, based on current yeast literature, only a third route might be available, in part, because all result in the same redox change. All three begin with the production of methylglyoxal from dihydroxyacetone phosphate by methylglyoxal synthase, MGS, (E.C. 4.2.3.3) which can be obtained from one of several potential sources. The introduction of the mgs gene alone in yeast has been shown to result in the production of propanediol, but at relatively low titers; subsequent introduction of a glycerol dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.6) doubled the amount of propanediol formed. See Hoffman, M. L., 1999, Metabolic engineering of 1,2-propanediol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Alternatively, aldehyde reductase (E.C. 1.1.1.21) may be capable of converting methylglyoxal to lactaldehyde and then subsequently to propanediol. The native yeast aldehyde reductase, GRE3, can be overexpressed to test this possibility. In addition methyglyoxal could potentially be converted to lactaldehyde by glyoxylate reductase (E.C. 1.1.1.79) or by methylglyoxal dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.2.1.49). These enzymatic activities have not been reported in S. cerevisiae, but there are a number of endogenous genes which may contain these activities: two potential glyoxylate reductases (GOR1 and YPL113C), a glycerol dehydrogenase (GCY1), six aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALD2-6 and HFD1), and the ten alcohol dehydrogenases mentioned below. See Table 2. It might be desirable to engineer in a combination of the two alternate pathways outlined above for producing propanediol from methylglyoxal to reach a desirable titer for propanediol.

For route (ii), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is further metabolized to pyruvate through standard glycolysis reactions, as described above for bacteria CBP platforms. In yeast metabolism, acetyl-CoA and formate is produced from pyruvate by pyruvate formate lyase (E.C. 2.3.1.8) (FIG. 1, dark gray box). Formate is further metabolized to CO₂, NADH, and H_(z) by formate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.2.1.2) (FIG. 1, dark gray box). Production of isopropanol from acetyl-CoA is performed as described above for the bacteria CBP platform.

Five enzymatic activities can be engineered into yeast for route (ii). The pyruvate formate lyase (PFL) (E.C. 2.3.1.8) is required for the formation of acetyl-CoA in the cytosol, because in a majority of yeast species the endogenously produced acetyl-CoA is sequestered in the mitochondria. Enzymatically active PFL, has been expressed in yeast for the production of formate. See Waks, Z., & Silver, P. A., 2009, Appl. Env. Microbiol. 75, 1867-1875. S. cerevisiae has an endogenous formate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.2.1.2) to convert the formate generated to CO₂ and H₂. The cytosolic acetyl-CoA generated is subsequently converted to acetone by the introduction of the C, acetobutylicum pathway, as described above for the bacteria CBP platform, working together with the yeast acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, ERG10, (E.C. 2.3.1.9). An alcohol dehydrogenase executes the final reaction in this section, acetone to isopropanol. The S. cerevisiae genome encodes for ten alcohol dehydrogenases (ADH1-7, BDH2, SFA1, and YPL088W), which can be assayed for the capability of converting acetone to isopropanol. See Table 2. If necessary an exogenous alcohol dehydrogenase can be engineered into S. cerevisiae. Three pyruvate decarboxylase genes (E.C. 4.1.1.1) can be deleted: PDC1, PDC5, and PDC6. The presence of these three enzymes would result in the loss of significant pyruvate to acetaldehyde.

In route (iv), dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to glycerol by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.8) and glycerol-3-phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.21) (FIG. 1, dark gray boxes). The enzymes required for route (iv) are already present in S. cerevisiae.

Example 2 2.1 Production of n-Propanol and Isopropanol in Bacterial CBP Platforms

All current native and recombinant propanol producing metabolic pathways have at most a theoretical yield of 0.33 g propanol/g carbohydrate. Yan Y. & Liao J. 2009, J Indus Microbiol and Biotech 36(4):471-479. This yield, corresponding to one mole isopropanol per mole glucose, incorporates into isopropanol only 75% of the free energy available from glucose during anaerobic fermentation. The additional 25% of the free energy, also referred to as available electrons, must be incorporated into a co-product during anaerobic fermentation, or consumed by oxygen during aerobic fermentation.

The present example proposes a new pathway for propanol production from lignocellulosic carbohydrates at a yield of 0.44 g/g carbohydrate, and incorporates 100% of the free energy available from carbohydrate conversion. In order to produce propanol at this theoretical maximum yield using biochemical pathways found in nature, production of both n- and iso-forms are required. In the metabolic pathway described here, isopropanol production serves in an ATP generating capacity, while n-propanol production serves as an electron sink to balance the anaerobic fermentation. This pathway allows for a balanced fermentation equation that is thermodynamically feasible.

Both products can be recovered from the fermentation broth via distillation, reducing downstream processing complexity. Isopropanol is a product natively produced by solventogenic Clostridia, and is rapidly produced by Thermoanaerobacter species when fed with acetone, indicating the presence of a native alcohol dehydrogenase with high activity for the desired reaction, See Lamed R J and Zeikus J G. 1981, The Biochemical J 195(1):183-190. Acetone production has been extensively studied, and the Clostridial pathway has been heterologously expressed in E. coli as described above. See Bermejo, L. L., et al., 1998, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64(3), 1079-85. n-propanol is a natural product of propanediol degradation, with many microorganisms reported to perform this catalysis under anaerobic conditions. Recently, the genes involved in this conversion have been identified in one species, Listeria innocula, which will facilitate the expression of this pathway in the bacterial CBP organisms, See Xue J. et al., 2008, Applied and Environmental Microbiol. 74(22):7073-7079. Propanediol, a key intermediate of the n-propanol pathway, is a natural fermentation product of thermophilic bacteria. T. thermosaccharolyticum HG-8, the organism reported to produce the highest titer of propanediol, can be engineered for the production of n-propanol.

2.2 Pathway Definition and Stoichiometric Calculations for Production of Propanols

The combined production of n-propanol and isopropanol from glucose or xylose is outlined in the pathways of FIG. 2 and requires the activity of several distinct enzymes (Table 3).

TABLE 3 List of native and non-native gene candidates pertaining to engineering of n-propanol and isopropanol in the CBP bacterial platform. C. T. Non-native Activity EC thermocellum saccharolyticum bacteria triose phosphate 5.3.1.1 139 or2687 isomerase methylglyoxal 4.2.3.3 95 or2316 synthase aldo-keto reductase 1.1.1.- 152 or1401 (methylglyoxal to 236 or1402 acetol) 283 or785 or414 or2491 aldo-keto reductase 1.1.1.- 101 or1043 (acetol to propanediol) 394 or2289 423 or411 2445 or2426 2579 or0286 propanediol 4.2.1.28 or0222, T. sacch genes dehydratase or0224-or0226 can be expressed in C. therm propanaldehyde 1.1.1.202 101 0411 dehydrogenase 394 1043 423 2426 2579 2289 0286 phosphotransacetylase 2.3.1.8 1029 or1741 acetate kinase 2.7.2.1 1028 or1742 thiolase 2.3.1.9 C. acetobutylicum coA transferase 2.8.3.8 C. acetobutylicum CtfAB acetoacetate 4.1.1.4 C. decarboxylase acetobutylicum Adc, Aad PFOR 1.2.7.1 2390-93 or0047 (oxidoreductase) Genes to KO alcohol dehydrogenase 1.1.1.1 423 or411 lactate dehydrogenase 1.1.1.27 1053 or180 hydrogenase 1.12.7.2  425-31 or1545-48

The combined production of n-propanol and isopropanol from 3 glucose molecules during bacterial metabolism is governed by the overall stoichiometric equation:

3C₆H₁₂O₆→2(n-)C₃H₈O+2(iso-)C₃H₈O+6CO₂+2H₂O+4ATP

The theoretical yield of propanols on a hexose sugar for the above pathway is 0.44 g propanols/g hexose.

The combined production of n-propanol and isopropanol from 9 xylose molecules during bacterial metabolism is governed by the overall stoichiometric equation:

9C₅H₁₀O₅→5(n-)C₃H₈O+5(iso-)C₃H₈O+15CO₂+5H₂O+12ATP

The theoretical yield of propanols on a pentose sugar for the above pathway is 0.44 g propanols/g hexose.

For this metabolic pathway, product yields are identical for hexose, e.g., glucose, and pentose, e.g., xylose, carbohydrates due to the activity of triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) (E.C. 5.3.1.1). Pentose fermentation produces more of the isomer glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) than dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) compared to hexose fermentation, which produces equimolar ratios of the two compounds. However, tpi allows for the conversion of GAP to DHAP and vice-versa, creating equal product yields for both carbohydrates.

2.3 Production Routes for Propanols and Corresponding Enzymology

The metabolic pathways for the production of n-propanol and isopropanol can be subdivided into two distinct production routes: (i) the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate into n-propanol; and (ii) the conversion of pyruvate into isopropanol.

For the n-propanol route, route (i), dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to methyglyoxal by methylglyoxal synthase (E.C. 4.2.3.3). Methylglyoxal is subsequently converted to acetol by an oxidoreductase (E.C. 1.1.1.-) or to lactaldehyde by a keto-reductase (1.1.1.79 or 1.2149). These intermediates are then further reduced to propanediol by enzymes from (E.C. 1.1.1.-). Propanediol is then dehydrated to propanal by a diol-hydrolase (E.C. 4.2.1.28) and reduced to n-propanol by a dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.202). See FIG. 2.

All the required enzymatic activities for the production of propanediol have been demonstrated in C. thermosaccharolyticum, a strain that can be genetically engineered. Cameron, D. C., et al., 1998, Biotechnol. Prog. 14, 116-125. Relevant endogenous enzymes in the bacterial CBP platform production strains that exhibit high levels of homology to the desired enzymatic domains have also been identified (Table 3). The enzymes leading to propanediol in the bacterial CBP platform production strains can be characterized for implementation in route (i).

For the isopropanol route, route (ii), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is further metabolized to pyruvate through standard glycolysis reactions, producing ATP to power cellular reactions and reducing equivalents needed to balance n-propanol production during anaerobic fermentation. Pyruvate is then metabolized to acetyl-CoA, reduced ferredoxin, and CO₂ by pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (E.C. 1.2.7.1). NADH and H₂ are subsequently produced during the oxidation of ferredoxin. See FIG. 2.

Acetyl-CoA is then converted to acetate by phosphate acetytransferse (EC 2.3.1.8) and acetate kinase (E.C. 2.7.2.1) in an ATP generating reaction. Two acetyl-CoA molecules are converted to acetoacetyl-CoA by thiolase (E.C. 2.3.1.9). Acetoacetyl-CoA is then converted to acetoacetate by CoA enyzyme transferase (E.C. 2.8.3.8), where the CoA species is transferred from acetoacetyl-CoA to acetate, replenishing the acetyl-CoA consumed during the thiolase reaction. Acetoacetate is then converted to acetone by acetoacetate decarboxylase (E.C. 4.1.1.4). The reduction of acetone to isopropanol can be accomplished by alcohol dehydrogenases (E.C. 1.1.1.80).

The enzymes catalyzing the production of acetone from acetyl-CoA have been identified in the literature from C. acetobutylicum. See Bermejo, L. L., et al., 1998, Appl Environ Microbiol. 64(3), 1079-85. The conversion of acetone to isopropanol has been shown by multiple alcohol dehydrogenases and endogenous bacterial enzymes can be screened for their capability to accept acetone as a substrate.

Gene deletions will also be required to achieve high yields of propanol production. These include deletion of L-lactate dehydrogeanse, ldh (E.C. 1.1.1.27); hydrogenase, hyd (E.C. 1.12.7.2); and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, acdh (E.C. 1.2.1.10).

Example 3 3.1 Production of Isopropanol and Methanol in Bacterial CBP Platforms

Co-production of isopropanol and methanol from lignocellulosic carbohydrates allows for a balanced fermentation equation that is thermodynamically feasible. Isopropanol is theoretically produced at 0.33 g/g carbohydrate and incorporates 75% of the electrons available from carbohydrate conversion. Both isopropanol and methanol can be recovered from the fermentation broth via distillation, reducing downstream processing complexity. Further, methanol is a natural product of pectin degradation, and many characterized methylotropic organisms contain genes for methanol metabolism.

3.2 Pathway Definition and Stoichiometric Calculations for Production of Isopropanol and Methanol

The production of isopropanol and methanol from carbohydrates is outlined in the pathways in FIG. 3 and requires the activity of several distinct enzymes (see Table 4).

TABLE 4 List of native and non-native gene candidates pertaining to engineering of isopropanol and methanol in the CBP bacterial platform. Non-native- Activity EC C. the T. sacch bacterial pyruvate formate lyase 2.3.1.54 505 or0628 phosphotransacetylase 2.3.1.8 1029 or1741 acetate kinase 2.7.2.1 1028 or1742 formaldehyde 1.2.1.46 218 2445, Pput_0350 dehydrogenase 0388 P. putida methanol 1.1.1.244 101 or1411 dehydrogenase 394 or1043 423 or2426 2445 or2289 2579 or286 formate dehydrogenase 1.2.1.43 342 or2328 Moth_2312 430 M. thermoacetica 3004 3003 thiolase 2.3.1.9 C. acetobutylicum ThlA coA transferase 2.8.3.8 C. acetobutylicum CtfAB acetoacetate 4.1.1.4 C. acetobutylicum decarboxylase Adc, Aad oxidoreductase 1.1.1.80 101 or1411 394 or1043 423 or2426 2445 or2289 2579 or0286 Genes to KO lactate dehydrogenase 1.1.1.27 1053 or180 alcohol dehydrogenase 1.1.1.1 423 or411 methylglyoxal 4.2.2.3 95 or2316 synthase PFOR 1.2.7.1 2390-93 or0047 (oxidoreductase)

The combined production of isopropanol and methanol from one glucose molecule during bacterial metabolism is governed by the overall stoichiometric equation, with a theoretical yield of one propanol and one methanol per glucose, as follows:

C₆H₁₂O₈→C₃H₈O+CH₄O+2CO₂+3ATP

The theoretical yield of isopropanol and methanol on hexose and pentose sugar for the above pathways (see FIG. 3) are:

Hexose Yield:

0.33 g isopropanol/g hexose 0.18 g methanol/g hexose

Pentose Yield:

0.33 g isopropanol/g pentose 0.18 g methanol/g pentose

During cellular metabolism, the microbial hosts can utilize hexose or pentose carbohydrate sources, with six pentose sugars equivalent to five hexose sugars, employing, e.g., the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway to produce dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. These metabolites can be interchanged using the triosephosphate isomerase (E.C. 5.3.1.1).

3.3 Production Routes for Isopropanol and Methanol and Corresponding Enzymology

The branched metabolic pathways for the combined production of isopropanol and methanol from carbohydrates can be subdivided into the following production routes: (i) the conversion of pyruvate into isopropanol; and (ii) the conversion of formate into CO) and methanol.

As described above, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is metabolized to pyruvate through standard glycolysis reactions, producing ATP to power the cellular reactions and the required reducing equivalents needed to reduce the carbon end-products. From pyruvate, acetyl-CoA and formate are produced by pyruvate formate lyase (E.C. 2.3.1.54). For isopropanol production, route (i), acetyl-CoA is converted to acetate by phosphate acetytransferse (E.C. 2.3.1.8) and acetate kinase (E.C. 2.7.2.1) in an ATP generating reaction. Two acetyl-CoA molecules are converted to acetoacetyl-CoA by thiolase (E.C. 2.3.1.9). Acetoacetyl-CoA is then converted to acetoacetate by CoA enyzyme transferase (E.C. 2.8.3.8), where the CoA species is transferred from acetoacetyl-CoA to acetate, replenishing the acetyl-CoA consumed during the thiolase reaction. Acetoacetate is then converted to acetone by acetoacetate decarboxylase (E.C. 4.1.1.4). The reduction of acetone to isopropanol can be accomplished by alcohol dehydrogenases (E.C. 1.1.1.80).

As described above, the enzymes catalyzing the production of acetone from acetyl-CoA have been identified in the literature from C. acetobutylicum. See Bermejo, L. L., et al., 1998, Appl Environ Microbiol. 64(3), 1079-85. The conversion of acetone to isopropanol has been shown by multiple alcohol dehydrogenases and endogenous bacterial enzymes can be screened for their capability to accept acetone as a substrate.

In route (ii), formate is further metabolized via two pathways in an equimolar ratio first leading to CO₂ and NADPH by formate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.2.1.43), and the second leading to methanol with the incorporation of two NADH and production of water by the combined action of formaldehyde dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.2.1.46) and methanol dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.244).

The production of CO₂ and NADPH via formate is a well characterized pathway with a large body of literature. However, the production of methanol via formate is a less well characterized pathway. The majority of characterized organisms that have methanol metabolism pathways consume methanol, rather than produce it. Methanol production from formate is thermodynamically feasible under anaerobic conditions. The most likely route for engineering a high yielding pathway is to introduce enzymes that natively catalyze the net reaction in the reverse direction and then use evolutionary engineering techniques to select for strains with increased flux towards methanol formation. This strategy for pathway flux improvement has been successfully employed both in the engineering of other metabolic pathways and is anticipated to work for this pathway due to the thermodynamic favorability of the net reaction.

Example 4 4.1 Anaerobic Production of Propanediol and Acetone in Bacterial and Yeast CBP Platforms

The native microbial production of propanediol has been well documented in Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum by Cameron, D.C., & Clooney, C., 1986 Bio/Technology 4, 651-654, although the endogenous enzymes have yet to be identified and cloned. The native enzymes can be identified from the bacterial CBP platform microbes and utilized in the bacterial CBP platform hosts eliminating the need for “recombinant” genes (e.g., Thermoanerobactor saccharolyticum and Clostridium thermocellum) and/or readily transferred to the yeast CBP platform hosts.

The theoretical maximum yield for anaerobic propanediol production that includes

ATP generation requires the production of a co-fermentation product such as acetate. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,352. The pathways presented in this Example achieve the anaerobic maximum theoretical yield and use acetate as an intermediate during the generation of acetone as the co-fermentation product. Acetone was chosen as a co-fermentation product because it is potentially a chemical of value and a less toxic fermentation product to the microorganisms relative to acetate. The simultaneous production of propanediol and acetone represents a novel fermentation process. In addition, relatively little is known about the enzymology converting methygloxal to propanediol, but as described above, can now be ascertained.

4.2 Pathway Definition and Stoichiometric Calculations for Production of Propanediol and Acetone

The anaerobic production of propanediol and acetone from carbohydrates is outlined in the pathways in FIG. 4 and requires the activity of several distinct enzymes (see Table 5).

TABLE 5 List of native and non-native gene candidates pertaining to engineering of propanediol and acetone in the CBP bacterial and CBP yeast platforms. Non-native- non-native- Activity EC C. the T. sacch Yeast bacteria yeast methylglyoxal 4.2.3.3 95 or2316 Oryza sativa synthase mgs aldo-keto reductase 1.1.1.- 152 or1401 P. putida gldA (methylglyoxal to 236 or1402 acetol) 283 or785  or414  or2491 aldo-keto reductase 1.1.1.- 101 or1043 (acetol to propanediol) 394 or2289 423 or411  2445 or2426 2579 or0286 phosphotransacetylase 2.3.1.8 1029 or1741 Tsacch or1741 acetate kinase 2.7.2.1 1028 or1742 Tsacch or1742 thiolase 2.3.1.9 ERG10 C. acetobutylicum ThlA coA transferase 2.8.3.8 C. C. acetobutylicum acetobutylicum CtfAB CtfAB acetoacetate 4.1.1.4 C. C. decarboxylase acetobutylicum acetobutylicum Adc, Aad Adc, Aad alcohol dehydrogenase 1.1.1.1 ADH1 ADH2 ADH3 ADH4 ADH5 ADH6 ADH7 BDH2 SFA1 YPL088 W PFOR 1.2.7.1 2390-3 or0047 (oxidoreductase) fructose 1,6- 4.1.2.13 0349 or0260 FBA1 biphosphate aldolase 1019 or0330 triose-phophate 5.3.1.1 0139 or2687 TPI1 isomerase pyruvate formate- 2.3.1.54 E. coli lyase pflA /pflB formate 1.2.1.2 FDH1 dehydrogenase aldehyde reductase 1.1.1.21 101 or1043 GRE3 394 or2289 423 or411  2445 or2426 2579 or0286 glyoxylate reductase 1.1.1.79 101 or1043 GOR1 394 or2289 YPL113C 423 or411  2445 or2426 2579 or0286 methylglyoxal 1.2.1.49 152 or1401 GCY1 dehydrogenase 236 or1402 ALD2 283 or785  ALD3 or414  ALD4 or2491 ALD5 ALD6 HFD1 glucokinase 2.7.1.2 0390 or0272 GLK1 2938 glucose 6 phophate 5.3.1.9 0217 or1389 PGI1 isomerase 6-phosphofructokinase 2.7.1.11 1261 or2875 PFK1 PFK2 Genes to KO Activity EC C. the T. sacch Yeast lactate dehydrogenase 1.1.1.27 1053 or180  alcohol dehydrogenase 1.1.1.1 423 or411  pyruvate decarboxylase 4.1.1.1 PDC1 PDC5 PDC6 glycerol-3-phosphate 1.1.1.8 GPD2 dehydrogenase glycerol-3-phosphatase 3.1.3.21 GPP1

The combined production of propanediol and acetone from two glucose molecules during bacterial or yeast anaerobic metabolism is governed by the overall stoichiometric equation, resulting in overall redox balance and the net gain of one ATP, as follows:

2C₆H₁₂O₆→2C₃H₈O₂+C₃H₆O+3CO₂+1ATP+H₂O

The theoretical yield of propanediol and acetone on hexose and pentose sugar for the above pathway are:

Hexose Pentose 0.42 g propanediol/g hexose 0.42 g propanediol/g pentose 0.16 g acetone/g hexose 0.16 g acetone/g pentose

During cellular metabolism, the microbial hosts can utilize hexose or pentose carbohydrate sources, with six pentose sugars equivalent to five hexose sugars, employing the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway to produce dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. These metabolites can be interchanged using the triosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.1).

4.3 Anaerobic Production Routes for Propanediol and Acetone and Corresponding Enzymology

The co-production of propanediol and acetone from hexose and pentose sugars in thermophilic clostridia and S. cerevisiae can be broken down into three routes: (i) the production of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from glucose; (ii) the subsequent generation of propanediol from dihydroxyacetone phosphate; and (iii) the generation of acetone from glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate. See FIG. 4.

For the bacterial and yeast CBP platforms, the enzyme activities required for route (i), production of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from glucose, are part of the native glycolytic pathway, e.g., the EMP pathway, as described above. See Table 5.

For route (ii), the subsequent generation of propanediol from dihydroxyacetone phosphate, two alternative routes are presented, in part because both result in the same redox balance and a priori the best route is not known. Both begin with the production of methylglyoxal from dihydroxyacetone phosphate by methylglyoxal synthase, mgs (E.C. 4.2.3.3). See FIG. 4. This gene is endogenous to the bacterial CBP platform organisms, however for yeast it will have to be obtained from one of several potential sources.

For the bacterial CBP platform, which comprises thermophilic bacteria, acetol is the likely intermediate from methylglyoxal to propanediol, as has been shown in T. thermosaccarolyticum. See Cameron, D.C., & Clooney, C., 1986, Bio/Technology 651-654. In E. coli, various aldo-keto reductases have been shown to catalyze the conversion of methyglyoxal to acetol (E.C. 1.1.1.4 See Ko, J., et al., 2005, J Bacteriol. 187(16), 5782-9. The list of endogenous aldo-keto reductases for the bacterial platform organisms are shown in Table 5. These genes can be over-expressed and/or deleted to determine their role in propanediol production. It is also possible that lactaldehyde, produced by a glyoxylate reductase (E.C. 1.1.1.79) and a methylglyoxal dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.2.1.49) is an intermediate. To determine if acetol or lactaldehyde is the primary intermediate during conversion of methylglyoxal to propanediol, analytical chemistry procedures such as HPLC can be used to identify these intermediates in fermentation samples. See e.g., Cameron, D.C., & Clooney, C., 1986, Bio/Technology 4, 651-654; Altaras, N. E., & Cameron, D.C., 1999, Appl Environ Microbiol. 65(3), 1180-5. Alternatively, cells can be fed acetol or lactaldehyde to determine which intermediate is more effectively converted to propanediol. To determine which genes are responsible for the production of propanediol from acetol or lactaldehyde, the native alcohol dehydrogenases and aldo-keto reductases listed in Table 5 can be deleted and/or over-expressed while propanediol production is monitored.

For the yeast CBP platform, multiple routes from methylglyoxal to propanediol also exist. See FIG. 4. One route through lactaldehyde involves introduction of a glycerol dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.-), which doubled the amount of propanediol formed. See Hoffman, M. L., 1999, Metabolic engineering of 1,2-propanediol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Alternatively, aldehyde reductase (E.C. 1.1.1.21) may be capable of converting methylglyoxal to lactaldehyde and then subsequently to propanediol—the native yeast aldehyde reductase, GRE3, can be overexpressed to test this possibility. In addition, methylglyoxal could potentially be converted to lactaldehyde by glyoxylate reductase (E.C. 1.1.1.79) or to lactaldehyde by methylglyoxal dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.2.1.49). The presence of these alcohol dehydrogenase activities can be screened among the ten native alcohol dehydrogenases. See Table 5. It might be necessary to engineer in a combination of the two pathways outlined above to reach a desirable titer for propanediol.

The enzymes that convert methylglyoxal to propanediol are oxidoreductases, of which there are examples using either NADH or NADPH as a co-factor. Knowledge of the co-factor is important for producing propanediol in the yeast platform because the compartmentalization of the cell, and the relative difficulty of inter-converting NADH to NADPH, limit the cell's ability to deal with an imbalance in these cofactors. For the anaerobic production of propanediol, an enzyme (or enzymes) that are linked to NADH would be required, since these are the reducing equivalents generated during the production of CO₂ and acetone from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Several of the enzymes identified in bacterial systems have this characteristic.

For route (iii), the generation of acetone from glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate, the engineering of non-native enzymatic activities into both the bacterial and yeast platforms is required. The bacterial organisms have a native enzyme activity (E.C. 1.2.7.1) that converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA (FIG. 4, light gray box), while the yeast platform requires the expression of a non-native activity (E.C. 2.3.1.54) to convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA (FIG. 9 a, dark gray box).

To convert acetyl-CoA to acetone in the bacterial platform, activities associated with (E.C. 2.3.1.9), (E.C. 2.8.3.8), and (E.C. 4.1.1.4) can be engineered using genes from C. acetobutylicum, while activities associated with (E.C. 1.2.7.1), (E.C. 2.3.1.8), and (E.C. 2.7.2.1) are in fact endogenous (FIG. 4). See Bermejo, L. L., et al., 1998, Appl Environ Microbiol. 64(3), 1079-85. Taken together, these activities will allow the formation of acetone from two molecules of pyruvate. For the yeast platform three enzymatic activities can be engineered into yeast. The pyruvate formate lyase, PFL (E.C. 2.3.1.54), is required for the formation of acetyl-CoA in the cytosol, because the majority of yeast endogenously produced acetyl-CoA is sequestered in the mitochondria. Enzymatically active PFL has been expressed in yeast for the production of formate. Waks, Z., & Silver, P. A., 2009, Appl. Env. Microbiol. 75, 1867-1875. S. cerevisiae has an endogenous formate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.2.1.2) to convert the formate generated to CO₂ and H. The cytosolic acetyl-CoA generated can be subsequently converted to acetone by the introduction of the C. acetobutylicum pathway (E.C. 2.8.3.8) and (E.C. 4.1.1.4), as described above, working together with the yeast acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, ERG10 (E.C. 2.3.1.9).

The description of the above pathways describes native and non-native genes required to direct carbon flow from sugars to propanediol and acetone. In addition, to prevent decreases in product yield, i.e., carbon from flowing away from desired end products, various genes can be deleted from each platform. For the bacterial CBP system, these genes are shown in Table 5. The deletion of adh (E.C. 1.1.1.1) will prevent flow from acetyl-CoA to acetaldehyde while the deletion of ldh (E.C. 1.1.1.27) will prevent flow of carbon from pyruvate to lactic acid. Deleting the hydrogenase genes (E.C. 1.12.7.2) will ensure that reducing equivalents generated during glycolysis can be used to make reduced end products such as 1,2-propanediol and not the more oxidized couple of H₂ and acetate. For the yeast CBP platform, genes to be deleted are listed in Table 5. Genes encoding activity associated with (E.C. 4.1.1.1) can be deleted to prevent carbon flow from pyruvate to acetaldehyde. In addition, genes associated with (E.C. 1.1.1.8) and (E.C. 3.1.3.21) activity can be deleted to prevent carbon loss from dihydroxyacetone phosphate as glycerol.

Example 5 Aerobic Production of Propanediol in Yeast CBP Platforms

The purpose of the present Example is to provide a novel pathway for the aerobic production of propanediol in yeast CBP platforms. Aerobic production of propanediol provides some benefits in terms of ATP production. For example, the advantages of aerobic production are discussed in Cameron et al., “Metabolic engineering of propanediol pathways,” Biotechnology Progress, 14(1): 116-125 (1998), where a yield of 0.61 g propanediol/g can be achieved in a non-compartmentalized organism. Indeed, the commercial production of 1,3-propanediol is done via an aerobic process. Although not as high as 0.61 g propanediol/g in a non-compartmentalized organism, the present pathway provides for a high yield of propanediol in a compartmentalized organism as discussed below.

The 1,2-propandiol produced using this platform can be used as a valuable intermediate or converted to propionate and propanol using microbes such as Lactobacillus reuteri strain isolated from sourdough that is known to do this reaction. See Sriramulu, D. D., et al., 2008, J. Bacteriol. 190(13):4559-67. Chemical routes might also exist for direct conversion of propanediol to propanol or even propylene.

Pathway Definition and Stoichiometric Calculations for Production of Propanediol

The aerobic production of propanediol from carbohydrates is outlined in the pathways in FIG. 5 and requires the activity of several distinct enzymes (see Table 5).

The production of propanediol, which is the only soluble product of the reaction, from 6 glucose molecules during yeast aerobic metabolism is governed by the overall stoichiometric equation:

6 glucose+12O₂→6×propanediol+12H₂O+18CO₂+26 ATP

In order to balance the redox in the cytosol, 1 molecule of glucose 6-phosphate must be completely oxidized by the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) for every molecule of propanediol produced. In addition, a positive ATP balance is generated via oxidation of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in the TCA cycle and the electron transport chain. See FIG. 4.

The theoretical yield of propanediol on hexose sugar for the above pathway is 0.42 g propanediol/g hexose. 100% xylose could not be converted via this pathway, but a glucose/xylose mixture could convert with a yield similar to glucose alone. Although not as high of a yield as for a non-compartmentalized organism, the proposed pathway provides a high yield for propanediol. Further, the possibility of shuttling NADH to the cytosol from the mitochondrial matrix cannot be ruled out since such a shuttle has been demonstrated. See Bakker, B. M, et al., 2000, Appl. Env. Micro. 182, 4730-4737. This would potentially allow higher yields in S. cerevisiae. In Kluyveromyces type yeasts, yields might also be increased due to shuttling of reducing equivalents to the cytoplasm, and the enhanced activity of the pentose phosphate pathway in these organisms.

5.3 Aerobic Production Routes for Propanediol and Corresponding Enzymology

For the production of dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from glucose, the enzyme activities are part of the native glycolytic pathway, e.g., the EMP pathway, as described above. See Table 5 and FIG. 5.

For the subsequent generation of propanediol from dihydroxyacetone phosphate, two alternative routes are presented as in Example 4 (see FIG. 4), in part because both result in the same redox balance and a priori the best route is not known. Both begin with the production of methylglyoxal from dihydroxyacetone phosphate by methylglyoxal synthase, mgs (E.C. 4.2.3.3). See FIG. 4. For yeast, this gene will have to be obtained from one of several potential sources.

As described above in Example 4, multiple routes from methylglyoxal to propanediol exist in yeast. See FIG. 4. One route through lactaldehyde involves introduction of a glycerol dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.-), which doubled the amount of propanediol formed. See Hoffman, M. L., 1999, Metabolic engineering of 1,2-propanediol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Alternatively, aldehyde reductase (E.C. 1.1.1.21) may be capable of converting methylglyoxal to lactaldehyde and then subsequently to propanediol—the native yeast aldehyde reductase, GRE3, can be overexpressed to test this possibility. In addition, methylglyoxal could potentially be converted to lactaldehyde by glyoxylate reductase (E.C. 1.1.1.79) or to lactaldehyde by methylglyoxal dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.2.1.49). The presence of these alcohol dehydrogenase activities can be screened among the ten native alcohol dehydrogenases. See Table 5. It might be necessary to engineer in a combination of the two pathways outlined above to reach a desirable titer for propanediol.

As described above, the enzymes that convert methylglyoxal to propanediol are oxidoreductases, of which there are examples using either NADH or NADPH as a co-factor. Knowledge of the co-factor is important for producing propanediol in the yeast platform because the compartmentalization of the cell, and the relative difficulty of inter-converting NADH to NADPH, limit the cell's ability to deal with an imbalance in these cofactors. In the aerobic production of propanediol, the NADPH linked versions of an enzyme (or enzymes) are required, since the production of reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH is accomplished in the pentose phosphate pathway. The S. cerevisiae gre3 gene is a good example (and candidate) for use in the aerobic system.

To convert the carbohydrate source to propanediol in yeast using an aerobic process, control of the flux of carbon down particular pathways will be needed. Redox balance is obtained by controlling flux to the PPP and propanediol, while optimal product yield is obtained when the flux to the TCA cycle and electron transport chain is held to a minimal level. Controlling flux to the PPP involves manipulating the expression level of zwf1, which converts glucose 6-phosphate to D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate, relative to the activity of pgi, which converts glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate. In order to control the amount of flux to the TCA cycle and the electron transport chain, one of two methods could be used. One would be to down-regulate PDH, and thereby reduce the amount of pyruvate being converted to acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria. The other would be to control the oxygen flux in the fermentation vessel to limit the amount of oxygen available for the electron transport chain. The former genetic approach has an advantage in that it alleviates the necessity of careful process control for aeration at large scale.

Example 6 Identification and Characterization of T. saccharolyticum pdu Gene Cluster

Several microorganisms metabolize propanediol to propanol anaerobically. Examples of propanediol utilization can be found among various bacterial species including Thermoanaerobacteria, Salmonella, Listeria, and Clostridia. In some microorganisms, e.g., Listeria spp. and Salmonella spp., the genes required for propanediol utilization (pdu) are clustered on the genome. See generally Scott, K. P., et al., J. Bacteriol. 188(12):4340-49 (2006); Bobik, T. A., et al., J. Bacteriol. 181(19):5967-75; Xue, J., et al., Appl. Env. Microbiol. 74(22):7073-79 (2008).

Two enzyme activities required for conversion of propanediol to propanol include:

-   -   1) diol dehydratase (encoded by pduCDE) and     -   2) dehydrogenase (encoded by pduQ).         See Table 3 above. In several microorganisms, such as Salmonella         spp. or Listeria spp., the first enzyme activity often involves         catalysis via a heteromeric diol dehydratase enzyme that is         dependent on vitamin B12. The pdu gene clusters are often found         to include or be associated with the enzymes required for the         synthesis of vitamin B12. Some of the pdu gene clusters include         genes for 1) B12 synthesis, 2) AraC type transcription         activator, 3) two-component response regulator, 4) an alcohol         and aldehyde dehydrogenase, or 5) rnfC homolog. See Scott, K.         P., et al., J. Bacteriol. 188(12):4340-49 (2006); Bobik, T. A.,         et al., J. Bacteriol. 181(19):5967-75; Xue, J., et al., Appl.         Env. Microbiol. 74(22):7073-79 (2008).

Thus far, no pdu gene clusters have been identified in thermophilic anaerobic bacteria. This Example provides the identification and characterization of the T. saccharolyticum pdu gene cluster for its use in conversion of propanediol to propanol, following, e.g., the scheme described in Example 2.

The pdu gene organization in T. saccharolyticum is shown in FIG. 6 and includes several of the genes found in pdu gene clusters from other microorganisms. The T. saccharolyticum pdu genes include ABC-sugar transporter components (or 201, or 202, or 203), a two-component response regulator (or 206, or 207), rhamnose isomerase (or 209) rhamulokinase (or 208), rhamnulose-1-phosphate lactaldehyde lyase (or 227), a putative propanediol:NAD+ oxidoreductase (or 211), micro-compartment proteins (pduJ, pduL, etc. or 212, or 214, or 215, or 216, or 217), an aldehyde dehydrogenase (or 219), an alcohol dehydrogenase (or 218), a phosphotransacetylase (or 213), B12 accessory enzymes (or 223, or 222, or 221, or 220), a B-12 dependent diol dehydratase pduCDE (or 226, or 225, or 224), and a transcriptional regulator (or 228). The activities of these genes can be characterized, e.g., through various gene deletion studies, growth on rhamnose, and/or expression into heterologous systems such as T. thermosaccharolyticum and C. thermocellum.

The ability of T. saccharolyticum, which harbors the above-identified pdu gene cluster, to produce detectable levels of n-propanol was determined. The wild-type T. saccharolyticum YS485 strain was grown in TSCl medium (Table 6) with 10 g/L CaCO₃ and a starting pH of 5.8 at 55° C. and 200 rpm under anaerobic conditions. The medium was supplemented with 0.001 g/L vitamin B12.

TABLE 6 Composition of TSC1 medium. Concentration Components (g/L) (NH₄)₂SO₄ 1.85 FeSO₄*7H₂O 0.05 KH₂PO₄ 0.5 MgSO₄ 1 CaCl₂*2H₂O 0.05 Trisodium citrate * 2 2 H₂O Yeast Extract 8.5 CaCO₃ 10 L-rhamnose 18

Batch fermentation was done and samples were drawn at various time points shown in Table 7. The samples were analyzed by HPLC to detect remaining L-rhamnose and end products, including lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA), ethanol (Etoh), 1,2-propanediol (1,2 PD), and n-propanol. The results are depicted in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Production of 1,2-Propanediol and n-Propanol in T. saccharolyticum Grown on L-rhamnose Time L-rhamnose LA AA Etoh 1,2 PD n-propanol (hr) (g/L) (g/L) (g/L) (g/L) (g/L) (g/L) 0 17.820 0.000 0.118 0.000 0.277 0.000 17.5 11.440 0.242 2.054 0.315 2.248 0.363 24.5 2.522 0.346 4.289 0.437 4.623 1.072 41.25 0.679 0.384 5.024 0.527 5.073 1.525 69.5 0.427 0.407 5.135 0.567 5.134 1.638

These results demonstrate that T. saccharolyticum has the native ability to produce 1,2-propanediol (up to 5.1 g/L) and n-propanol (1.6 g/L) when grown on L-rhamnose. The pdu gene cluster includes some rhamnose utilization and sugar uptake genes indicating that those are likely to be involved in this process. This provides the first example of a thermophilic anaerobic bacterium shown to be capable of producing n-propanol.

Example 7 Production of Propanol Via Propanediol Using a B12-Independent Diol Dehydratase in Yeast

As described above, one of the two enzyme activities required for conversion of propanediol to propanol includes a diol dehydratase enzyme, which in several microorganisms is dependent on vitamin B12. Yeast lack the metabolic machinery to synthesize vitamin B12, and thus, it is not possible to engineer a vitamin B12-dependent enzyme in yeast without also providing, e.g., the enzyme activities to synthesize vitamin B12. There have been a few reports of propanediol dehydratase enzymes that do not require vitamin B12. See Raynaud, C., et al., PNAS (USA) 100(9):5010-15 (2003); Scott, K. P., et al., J. Bacterial. 188(12):4340-49 (2006); Hartmanis, M. G., and Stadtman, T. C., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 245(1)144-52 (1986).

Because of the requirement for vitamin B12, the anaerobic conversion of propanediol to propanol was thought to be impossible due to the requirement of a vitamin B12-dependent enzyme. Recent reports describing the B12-independent diol dehydratase provide a source and incentive to screen for existing B12-independent diol dehydratases in nature and express them into yeast. See Raynaud, C., et al., PNAS (USA) 100(9):5010-15 (2003); Scott, K. P., et al., J. Bacteriol. 188(12):4340-49 (2006); Hartmanis, M. G., and Stadtman, T. C., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 245(1)144-52 (1986). If successfully done, this would be the first n-propanol producing yeast engineered so far. The purpose of this Example is to identify and engineer a vitamin B12-independent diol dehydratase, as well as other necessary enzymes, in yeast, e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to anaerobically convert propanediol to propanol.

The metabolic pathway for generating propanol from, e.g., a carbohydrate source, in yeast is similar to the route described above in Example 2 and as shown in FIG. 2. In order to successfully achieve this conversion of glucose, several enzyme activities need to be engineered in yeast. Conversion of glucose to pyruvate and dihydroxyacetone-P are achieved via the endogenous enzyme activities in yeast. Those activities which need to be engineered are highlighted in FIG. 7 and are as follows:

1) The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and formate via pyruvate-formate lyase (PFL) (E.C. 2.3.1.8) has been successfully engineered and demonstrated. See Waks, Z. and Silver, P. A., Appl. Env. Microbial. 75(7):1867-75 (2009). This is an important step to generate a pool of acetyl-CoA in the yeast cytosol for its subsequent conversion into isopropanol. Simultaneously, the flux of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA via pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) needs to be avoided for which the PDC1, PDC5 and PDC6 need to be knocked out. The conversion of formate to carbon dioxide is catalyzed by an endogenous enzyme, formate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.2.1.2).

2) Acetyl-CoA is further converted to acetate by phosphate acetyltransferse (E.C. 2.3.1.8) and acetate kinase (E.C. 2.7.2.1) in an ATP generating reaction. Two acetyl-CoA molecules are converted to acetoacetyl-CoA by thiolase (E.C. 2.3.1.9). Acetoacetyl-CoA is then converted to acetoacetate by CoA enzyme transferase (E.C. 2.8.3.8), where the CoA species is transferred from acetoacetyl-CoA to acetate, replenishing the acetyl-CoA consumed during the thiolase reaction. Acetoacetate is then converted to acetone by acetoacetate decarboxylase (E.C. 4.1.1.4). The reduction of acetone to isopropanol can be accomplished by alcohol dehydrogenases (E.C. 1.1.1.80).

3) Synthesis of methylglyoxal from dihydroxyacetone-P can be achieved by expression of heterologous methylglyoxal synthase (mgs) and glycerol dehydrogenase (gldA) as has been previously demonstrated. See Lee, W. and DaSilva, N. A., Metabolic Eng. 8(1):58-65 (2006).

4) The conversion of propanediol to propanol requires two enzyme activities as described above, involving a diol dehydratase and a dehydrogenase. Although several microorganisms can convert 1,2-propandiol to propanol using a vitamin 912-dependent diol dehydratase, reaction via a vitamin B12-dependent diol dehydratase is not feasible in yeast due to the B12 dependency. The few recently discovered examples of vitamin B12-independent diol dehydratase include those identified from Clostridium butyricum, Roseburia inulinivorans, Clostridium glycolicum and Klebsiella spp. The C. butyricum enzyme is extensively characterized and shown to be functional independent of B12 and in a heterologous system (E. coli). See Tang, X., et al., Appl. Env. Microbiol. 75(6):1628-34 (2009). The results obtained with the C. butyricum B12-independent diol dehydratase activity suggest that the enzyme can be engineered into a heterologous system such as yeast.

In addition to the incorporation of these enzymatic activities, the flux of carbon from pyruvate to ethanol must be disrupted in yeast. This can be accomplished via the deletion of pdc1, pdc5, and pdc6. PDC deletion strains are slow growing and require a small amount of added ethanol or acetate to be viable; however, these issues can be overcome via an evolutionary based approach. See, e.g., van Maris, A. J. A., et al., Appl. Env. Microbiol. 70(1):159-66 (2004). The fact that such strains produce pyruvate at high levels indicates that this compound would be available for subsequent conversion to propanol via the proposed pathway above.

In order to identify additional B12-independent diol dehydratases for engineering in part 4 above, other B12-independent diol dehydratase enzymes existing in nature can be identified. Suitable methods for identifying can include, but are not limited to, alignment searches based on homology to known B12-independent diol dehydratases, an enzymatic activity assay combined with protein purification and protein sequencing, and whole-genome transcriptional analysis of 1,2 propanediol utilizing organisms. See, e.g., Scott, K. P. et al., J. Bact 188(12):4340-4349 (2006), and Raynaud, C. et al., PNAS 100(9):5010-5015 (2003).

Once identified and isolated, the gene responsible for the activity is cloned into yeast along with other enzyme activities as described above. Optimization of expression of the B12-independent diol dehydratase and analytical assays for production of propanol is subsequently followed.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All of the U.S. patents and U.S. published patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference.

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims. 

1. A recombinant microorganism; wherein said microorganism expresses one or more native and/or heterologous enzymes; wherein said one or more enzymes function in one or more engineered metabolic pathways to convert a carbohydrate source to 1,2-propanediol, isopropanol and ethanol or to 1,2-propanediol, isopropanol and glycerol; and wherein said one or more native and/or heterologous enzymes is activated, upregulated or down-regulated. 2-7. (canceled)
 8. The recombinant microorganism of claim 1, wherein the engineered metabolic pathway that produces 1,2-propanediol comprises the following steps: (a) conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to methylglyoxal; (b) conversion of methylglyoxal to acetol or lactaldehyde; and (c) reduction of acetol or lactaldehyde to propanediol; wherein the engineered metabolic pathway that produces isopropanol comprises: (a) conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetate; (b) conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA; (c) conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate; (d) conversion of acetoacetate to acetone; and (e) reduction of acetone to isopropanol; wherein the engineered metabolic pathway that produces ethanol comprises: (a) conversion of acetyl-CoA to ethanol; or wherein the engineered metabolic pathway that produces glycerol comprises: (a) conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerol. 9-21. (canceled)
 22. The recombinant microorganism of claim 8, wherein said dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to methylglyoxal by methylglyoxal synthase (EC 4.2.3.3); wherein said methylglyoxal is converted to acetol by an aldo-keto reductase or converted to lactaldehyde by a glyoxylate reductase, a methylglyoxal dehydrogenase or an aldehyde dehydrogenase; and wherein said acetol is converted to propanediol by an aldo-keto reductase or said lactaldehyde is converted to propanediol by an aldehyde reductase; or wherein glyceraldehyde phosphate is converted to pyruvate; wherein pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate formate lyase (E.C. 2.3.1.8); wherein said acetyl-CoA is converted to acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase ERG10 (E.C. 2.3.1.9); wherein said acetoacetyl-CoA is converted to acetoacetate by a CoA transferase; wherein said acetoacetate is converted to acetone by acetoacetate decarboxylase; and wherein said acetone is converted to isopropanol by isopropanol or alcohol dehydrogenase.
 23. The recombinant microorganism of claim 22, wherein said propanediol is converted to propionate and propanol biologically or chemically. 24-28. (canceled)
 29. The recombinant microorganism of claim 22, wherein said methylglyoxal synthase, aldo-keto reductase, glyoxylate reductase, methylglyoxal dehydrogenase, aldehyde reductase, pyruvate formate lyase, thiolase, CoA transferase, acetoacetate decarboxylase, isopropanol, aldehyde dehydrogenase and/or alcohol dehydrogenase is selected from any one of the corresponding enzymes listed in Table
 2. 30. (canceled)
 31. (canceled)
 32. A recombinant microorganism; wherein said microorganism expresses one or more native and/or heterologous enzymes; wherein said one or more enzymes function in one or more engineered metabolic pathways to convert a carbohydrate source to n-propanol and isopropanol; and wherein said one or more native and/or heterologous enzymes is activated, upregulated or down-regulated. 33-38. (canceled)
 39. The recombinant microorganism of claim 32, wherein said carbohydrate source is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate; wherein one of said engineered metabolic pathways comprises the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to n-propanol; or wherein one of said engineered metabolic pathways comprises the conversion of glyceraldehyde phosphate to isopropanol.
 40. (canceled)
 41. (canceled)
 42. The recombinant microorganism of claim 39, wherein said dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to methylglyoxal by methylglyoxal synthase (E.C. 4.2.3.3); wherein said methylglyoxal is converted to acetol by an aldo-keto reductase or converted to lactaldehyde by a glyoxylate reductase, a methylglyoxal dehydrogenase or an aldehyde dehydrogenase; wherein said acetol is converted to propanediol by an aldo-keto reductase or said lactaldehyde is converted to propanediol by an aldehyde reductase; wherein said propanediol is dehydrated to propanal by diol-dehydratase (E.C. 4.2.1.28); and wherein said propanal is reduced to n-propanol by a dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.202); or wherein said glyceraldehyde phosphate is converted to pyruvate; wherein said pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by pyruvate formate lyase (E.C. 2.3.1.8); wherein said acetyl-CoA is converted to acetoacetyl-CoA by thiolase ERG10 (E.C. 2.3.1.9); wherein said acetoacetyl-CoA is converted to acetoacetate by a CoA transferase; wherein said acetoacetate is converted to acetone by an acetoacetate decarboxylase; and wherein said acetone is converted to isopropanol by isopropanol or alcohol dehydrogenase.
 43. (canceled)
 44. The recombinant microorganism of claim 42, wherein said methylglyoxal synthase, aldo-keto reductase, glyoxylate reductase, methylglyoxal dehydrogenase, aldehyde reductase, pyruvate formate lyase, thiolase, CoA transferase, acetoacetate decarboxylase, isopropanol, aldehyde dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, diol-dehydratase and/or dehydrogenase is selected from any one of the corresponding enzymes listed in Table
 3. 45-49. (canceled)
 50. A recombinant microorganism; wherein said microorganism expresses one or more native and/or heterologous enzymes; wherein said one or more enzymes function in one or more engineered metabolic pathways to convert a carbohydrate source to isopropanol and methanol; and wherein said one or more native and/or heterologous enzymes is activated, upregulated or down-regulated. 51-55. (canceled)
 56. The recombinant microorganism of claim 50, wherein said carbohydrate source is converted to pyruvate and one of said engineered metabolic pathways comprises the conversion of pyruvate to isopropanol; and wherein said pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA and formate by pyruvate formate lyase (E.C. 2.3.1.54) and wherein one of said engineered metabolic pathways comprises the conversion of formate to CO₂ and methanol.
 57. (canceled)
 58. (canceled)
 59. The recombinant microorganism of claim 56, wherein acetyl-CoA is converted to acetate by phosphotransacetylase (E.C. 2.3.1.8) and to acetoacetyl-CoA by thiolase (E.C. 2.3.1.9); wherein said acetoacetyl-CoA is converted to acetoacetate by a CoA transferase; wherein said acetoacetate is converted to acetone by an acetoacetate decarboxylase (E.C. 4.1.1.4); and wherein said acetone is reduced to isopropanol by an oxidoreductase or an alcohol dehydrogenase; or wherein said formate is metabolized via two pathways, the first resulting in the production of CO₂ and NADH by formate dehydrogenase and the second resulting in the production of methanol by formaldehyde dehydrogenase and methanol dehydrogenase.
 60. (canceled)
 61. The recombinant microorganism of claim 59, wherein said phosphotransacetylase, thiolase, CoA transferase, acetoacetate decarboxylase, oxidoreductase, alcohol dehydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase, formaldehyde dehydrogenase or methanol dehydrogenase is selected from any one of the corresponding enzymes listed in Table
 4. 62-64. (canceled)
 65. A recombinant microorganism; wherein said microorganism expresses one or more native and/or heterologous enzymes; wherein said one or more enzymes function in one or more engineered metabolic pathways to convert a carbohydrate source to propanediol and acetone; and wherein said one or more native and/or heterologous enzymes is activated, upregulated or down-regulated.
 66. (canceled)
 67. The recombinant microorganism of claim 65, wherein said carbohydrate source is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde phosphate; wherein one of said engineered metabolic pathways comprises the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to propanediol; or wherein one of said engineered metabolic pathways comprises conversion of pyruvate to acetone.
 68. (canceled)
 69. (canceled)
 70. The recombinant microorganism of claim 67, wherein the engineered metabolic pathway that produces propanediol comprises: (a) conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to methylglyoxal; (b) conversion of methylglyoxal to acetol or lactaldehyde; and (c) reduction of acetol or lactaldehyde to propanediol; or wherein the engineered metabolic pathway that produces acetone comprises: (a) conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetate; (b) conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA; conversion of acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate; and (d) conversion of acetoacetate to acetone.
 71. (canceled)
 72. The recombinant microorganism of claim 67, wherein the engineered metabolic pathway that produces acetone comprises: (a) conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetone. 73-82. (canceled)
 83. The recombinant microorganism of claim 70, wherein said dihydroxyacetone phosphate is converted to methylglyoxal by a methylglyoxal synthase (EC 4.2.3.3); wherein said methylglyoxal is converted to acetol by an aldo-keto reductase or converted to lactaldehyde by a glyoxylate reductase, a methylglyoxal dehydrogenase or an aldehyde dehydrogenase; and wherein said acetol is converted to propanediol by an aldo-keto reductase or said lactaldehyde is converted to propanediol by an aldehyde reductase; or wherein glyceraldehyde phosphate is converted to pyruvate; wherein said pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA by a pyruvate formate lyase (E.C. 2.3.1.8); wherein said acetyl-CoA is converted to acetoacetyl-CoA by a thiolase (E.C.2.3.1.9); wherein said acetoacetyl-CoA is converted to acetoacetate by a CoA transferase; and wherein said acetoacetate is converted to acetone ban acetoacetate decarboxylase.
 84. (canceled)
 85. (canceled)
 86. The recombinant microorganism of claim 83, wherein said methylglyoxal synthase, aldo-keto reductase, glyoxylate reductase, methylglyoxal dehydrogenase, aldehyde reductase, pyruvate formate lyase, thiolase, CoA transferase, acetoacetate decarboxylase, isopropanol, aldehyde dehydrogenase and/or alcohol dehydrogenase is selected from any one of the corresponding enzymes listed in Table
 5. 87. A process for converting lignocellulosic biomass to 1,2-propanediol or isopropanol, comprising contacting lignocellulosic biomass with a recombinant microorganism according to claim
 1. 88. (canceled)
 89. An engineered metabolic pathway for converting lignocellulosic biomass to 1,2-propanediol or isopropanol according to claim
 1. 90-93. (canceled)
 94. An isolated propanediol utilization (pdu) gene cluster from T. saccharolyticum. 95-97. (canceled)
 98. A recombinant microorganism comprising the isolated propanediol utilization (pdu) gene cluster of claim
 94. 99. A method for identifying a vitamin B12-independent diol dehydratase that converts propanediol to propanal comprising: (a) measuring a property of a polypeptide or a polynucleotide and a reference vitamin B12-independent diol dehydratase polypeptide or polynucleotide; and (b) determining if the property of said polypeptide or said polynucleotide and the property of said reference vitamin B12-independent diol dehydratase polypeptide or polynucleotide are similar, thereby identifying whether said polypeptide or said polynucleotide is a vitamin B12-independent diol dehydratase. 100-104. (canceled)
 105. A recombinant microorganism comprising the identified vitamin B12-independent diol dehydratase polypeptide of claim
 99. 